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Terms in this set (87)
Health Psychology
Imelda has been sad lately and now has come down with the flu. Someone interested in _____ might be interested in the link between her mental state and her illness.
Focuses on behavioral, social, emotional, motivational, and cognitive factors.
Focuses on establishing and maintaining well-being and preventing and treating illness.
Behavioral Medicine
Centers on behavioral, social, and biomedical factors.
The multidisciplinary field dedicated to studying interactions of how people behave, biological influences, and environmental influences in order to improve health and well-being.
Biopsychosocial Model
In the context of psychological disorders applies to health psychology because each factor identified in the model applies to factors in health and health psychology.
Consistent statements with _____ in health psychology:
The body and the mind are deeply connected.
An individual's mental health status, including any mental disorder diagnoses, can impact their physical health.
Social context shapes both a person's appraisal of stress and his or her ability to cope
with it.
Stages of Change Model
Breaks behavior change down into five steps that occur over a series of progressive stages.
5 Stages in order:
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation/Determination
Action/Willpower
Maintenance
Precontemplation
Individuals do not contemplate change because they might be in denial of their problems.
Contemplation
An individual acknowledges a problem but is still weighing the pros and cons of change
Preparation/Determination
Individuals explore options for actions that could solve the problem.
Action/Willpower
Individuals begin to take steps to solve the problem.
Maintenance
Individuals successfully avoid temptation and consistently pursue healthy behaviors.
Implementation Intentions
Specific strategies for dealing with the challenges of making a life change.
Are specific strategies for making a change in life more successful.
Transcendence
Marian has been working hard to stop biting her nails. Recently, she hasn't been biting her nails, and she hasn't had to consciously remind herself not to. What concept is Marian exhibiting?
Relapse
Most individuals do not succeed in behavior change the first time, and they often fail in an attempt to complete a behavior change program. What is this called?
Theory of Reasoned Action
Proposes that in order to implement effective health behavior changes, an individual needs to have a
Specific intentions to change,
Positive attitudes about the change,
The belief that their social group is supportive of their plan.
Theory of Planned Behavior
Modifies the theory of reasoned action by adding a personal perception of control over the outcome.
Self-Determination Theory
Ian has decided that he wants to lose some weight and become more fit, so he is intrinsically motivated to accomplish these tasks. Which of the following theories best describes Ian's strategy?
Normal
Experts in health behavior consider a relapse or a return to former unhealthy patterns to be _____.
Health Behaviors
Practices that have an impact on physical well-being, such as exercising, eating right, and practicing safe sex.
Eating right
Drinking in moderation
Having a healthy approach toward stress
Exercising
Health psychologists identify ______ as behaviors that may produce positive changes in an individual.
Research has shown that social relationships are an important variable in predicting health.
True
Social Support
Involves:
Being included in and having an obligation to participate in your social network.
Benefiting from feedback
and information from others in your social network.
In a study examining 430 orphaned children, researchers found that _____ was important; it was associated with higher psychological functioning and less distress.
430 Orphaned Children
A study conducted on _____ found that social support from adults was associated with higher psychological well-being
Social Sharing
When a person turns to others who act as a sounding board or willing ear.
Ellie was involved in a fender bender on her way home from class. She is visibly upset by the experience and calls her friends and parents as soon as she is able. What is this is an example of?
Examples:
Getting reassurance from a friend.
Giving support to a friend who is grieving.
Writing about life goals on a blog that friends can read.
Expressive Writing
Can provide health benefits, particularly when writing about one's best possible future self.
Writing about one's best possible future self can lead to health benefits.
Physical Health/Activity
There is a relationship between attending religious services and _____.
Religious Faith
A number of studies have linked participation in _____ to leading a longer and healthier life.
Personality characteristics can have a positive impact on health.
True
Healthy Behaviors
Personality characteristics positively related to
_____:
Optimism
Self-efficacy
Conscientiousness
Personal control
Internal Locus of Control
A personality characteristic that indicates a sense of personal control.
Conscientiousness
According to research, the most important personality trait when it comes to health, healthy living, and longevity is _____.
Personal Control
Has been linked to a lower risk for common chronic diseases and avoiding risky lifestyle choices.
Examples:
Ben tells himself, "I have the ability to deal with this problem."
Jenn tells herself, "If I stop smoking now, I will not develop lung cancer."
Optimism
Seligman's definition of _____:
A matter of how
a person explains the causes of bad events.
Example:
Alyssa did not do well on an exam and said it was a hard one.
Self-Efficacy
Individual's belief that he or she can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.
Positive Self-Efficacy
Related to success:
Engaging in regular exercise
Practicing safe
sex
Achieving weight loss
Stress
The response to circumstances and events that threaten individuals and tax their coping abilities.
During final exam week, you may find yourself eating poorly, not sleeping, and smoking. These are effects of _____.
Autonomic
Endocrine
Immune
According to the text, stress initiates biological changes involving which bodily systems?
all result in the same stress response
Selye found that different stressors, such as the death of a loved one, a loss of income, or legal issues (such as being arrested), _____.
Generalized Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
The common effects on the body when an individual is exposed to stress.
Hans Selye developed the _____ to describe the common effects on the body when demands are placed on it.
3 Stages in order:
The Alarm Stage
The Resistance Stage
The Exhaustion Stage
The Alarm Stage
Occurs when an organism initially encounters a stressor.
The Resistance Stage
Coping with stress and trying to find ways to deal with the stressor.
The Exhaustion Stage
Negative consequences occur when coping is inadequate.
Vulnerability to disease, a heart attack, or even stroke occur.
Chronic Stress
Acute Stress
Jason and Jeremy both suffer from stress. Jason has longstanding financial problems, and Jeremy's father just died. Jason suffers from _____, and Jeremy suffers from _____.
Acute Stressor
In individuals with cancer, as well as individuals with HIV, _____ are associated with poorer immune system functioning.
Chronic Stressor
A situation in which someone has to work overtime for long period of time, when they don't want to work overtime hours, would be considered to be a(n) _____.
People who live with _____ stress are also more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors that are linked with cardiovascular disease.
HPA Axis
A body system that regulates various body processes and includes the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
A hormone shared by the central nervous and immune systems, and is key in uniting the stress and immune responses, and is produced in hypothalamus.
When the brain detects a threat in the environment, what does it signal the hypothalamus to release?
Psychoneuroimmunology
Explores connections among psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system.
Stress-triggered changes in the immune system might create greater vulnerability to infection..
In one study, participants were exposed to viruses and quarantined for five days. What did researchers conclude?
The longer the participants had experienced major stress before the study, the more likely they were to catch a cold.
In one study, participants were exposed to viruses and quarantined for five days. What did researchers find?
The state of the chairs in a cardiologists' waiting room, as well as the personalities of the patients at that office, gave cause for researchers to examine personality types and heart disease.
True
Type A Behavior Pattern
Being excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile.
Component most consistently associated with coronary disease is hostility/anger.
The Type B Behavior Pattern
Characterized by being relaxed and easygoing.
The Type D Behavior Pattern
Describes individuals who are generally distressed, frequently experience negative emotions, and are socially inhibited.
Cardiovascular Disease
Smoking, overeating, and avoidance of exercise are behaviors that are linked to_____.
Immune System
Stress initiates biological changes involving the autonomic and endocrine systems, as well as the system that helps the body ward off illnesses, the _____.
Many patients were very impatient.
Waiting room chairs were tattered, but only on the front edges.
Two cardiologists conducted a study that culminated in the identification of Type A and Type B behavioral patterns. What were some of the observations those cardiologists made that inspired the research? (Select all that apply.)
Stress may set biological
changes in motion.
Stress may compromise the immune system.
Which of the following are true of the relationship between stress and cancer risk?
Cognitive Appraisal
Deciding if an event is harmful and then deciding if coping is a possibility.
An individual's interpretation of an event as either harmful, threatening, or challenging, and the person's determination of whether hie or she has the resources to cope effectively with the event.
Coping
Problem solving that involves managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress.
Successful Coping
Managing taxing circumstances.
Expending effort to solve life's
problems.
Problem solving.
A healthy immune system.
Positive emotions.
A sense of personal control.
Being problem-focused.
The Physiological Effects of Stress
Inhibit a number of cellular immune responses and is linked to specific outcomes for individuals diagnosed with cancer.
Primary Appraisal
Secondary Appraisal
Allen and Mark discover that the rent on their shared student apartment is increasing by a substantial amount. Allen is overwhelmed by the news and starts thinking about how they could lose their apartment and end up homeless. Mark immediately starts to figure out a way to overcome this problem. Mark and Allen differ in their _____ of this event. Later, Mark and Allen are talking about what to do. Can they somehow stay in the apartment? During this conversation, they are engaging in _____.
Primary Appraisal
Individuals interpret whether an event involves harm or loss that has already occurred, a threat of some future danger, or a challenge to be overcome.
Problem-Focused Coping
Cognitive strategy of squarely facing your troubles and trying to solve them.
Emotion-Focused Coping
Cognitive strategy of responding to the stress that you are feeling, rather than confronting the root problem
Emotion-focused coping is never recommended.
False
Problem-Focused Coping
Emotion-Focused Coping
Iona is in danger of failing her chemistry class. If she signs up for tutoring, her coping is _____. If she calls her best friend in order to calm herself, her coping is _____.
Aspinwall views Optimism as
A resource that allows people to engage constructively with potentially frightening information.
Hardiness
Characterized by a sense of commitment rather than alienation and of control rather than powerlessness, as well as a perception of problems as challenges rather than threats.
Stress Management
Ada has decided to participate in a program that will teach her how to recognize stressful events, develop skills for coping with them, and then put these skills into practice. Ada is signing up for a _____.
had a reduction in blood pressure
In an evaluation of a stress management program, researchers randomly assigned subjects to two treatment groups and a control group. The results of the study showed that the two treatment groups _____.
teach individuals how to change their environments to reduce stress
Stress management programs do all of the following, EXCEPT _____.
Successful
coping with stress.
Lower probability of depression.
Improved cognitive functioning.
Lower probability of developing cardiovascular disease.
Successful coping with stress.
An increase in physical activity has been found to be related to _____.
Physical Exercise/Activity
Improved cognitive function, successful coping with stress, a lower probability of depression, and increased self-esteem and body image.
Successful Dieters
Consistent diets, plan their meals, weight themselves, and regularly engage in physical activity, especially limiting TV or other screen time.
Jogging
Cycling
Swimming
Aerobic exercise, which is sustained activity, stimulates heart and lung functioning and includes _____.
30 min
60 min
Health experts recommend that adults exercise a minimum of _____ a day, whereas children should exercise at least _____ a day.
more than doubled since 1980
Around the world, obesity rates have _____.
Went from less than 50 percent in
1960 to almost 70 percent in 2008.
Changed little between 1960 and 1980
In tracking the percentage of people classified as overweight or obese, it has been found that the percentage _____.
Provide more energy.
Lower blood pressure.
Reduce the risk of cancer.
A well-balanced diet can _____.
Plan their meals.
Limit
amount of time spent watching television.
Eat a healthy breakfast.
Individuals who lost at least 40 pounds and kept the weight of for at least two years had several behaviors in common. Specifically, they tended to do _____.
Cancer
Smoking is related to 30 percent of _____ deaths.
Sensible, nutritious foods that maximize health
Whereas losing weight is important for some people, eating right refers to eating _____.
More men smoke than women
Comparing smoking habits based on gender, _____.
15% of adults smoke, with _____ in 2015.
Nicotine
Special gum, patches, inhalers, or sprays help with smoking cessation by providing a substitute source of _____.
Going Cold Turkey
Stopping a smoking habit by simply quitting without any other changes in lifestyle.
Sexually Transmitted Infection
An infection that is contracted primarily via vaginal, oral, and/or anal intercourse.
An infection that is contracted primarily through sexual activity: vaginal intercourse as well as oral and anal sex.
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a _____ that destroys the body's immune system.
Also prevent STI's
An advantage that condoms have over the pill and diaphragm is that they _____.
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