American Government
1st EditionGlen Krutz
412 solutions
Criminal Justice in America
9th EditionChristina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole
105 solutions
American Corrections
11th EditionMichael D. Reisig, Todd R. Clear
160 solutions
Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition
16th EditionGeorge C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry
269 solutions
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Random selection vs. electoral selection
Random selection- amongst citizenry
• Advantages: more diversity/ mirror society better
• Disadvantages: hard to achieve no bias
• Democracy in ancient Athens
• Political office mostly by lottery
Electoral selection- by the citizenry
Plurality (how does it work)
The candidate who receives the largest share of the votes in the electoral district, wins the seat, even if that share is less than a majority of 50 percent + 1 of the votes.
• AKA - "First past the post"
Plurality: How does it affect voter behavior?
Negatively
•Strategic voting
•
(Remember Lisa Simpson)
• Instead of voting for the guy you may want, you have to vote in order to make the "lesser of two evils" win.
First, what's a "party system"?
The typical pattern of political competition and cooperation between parties within a state.
Why does plurality have 2 party systems?
Plurality rules ( only one winner/ loser gets nothing)
- Plurality rules → Strategic voting → New parties (third parties) less like to form → Two parties flourish → existing parties makes rules, etc to perpetuate power (incl. keeping plurality) → starts over
Cases with Plurality?
• Terry McAuliffe (47.75%),
Ken Cuccinelli (45.23%),
Robert Sarvis (6.52%)
• McAuliffe won by a close majority, which wouldn't have happened if the US implemented a majority system, but because we live in a pluralist country he had more votes, hence was the winner.
Advantages of Plurality:
•Gives a very clear distinction of people's political views (2 choices)
•Keeps two-party system intact: Two parties alternate in power. (it's not like one controls govt. all the time.)
Disadvantages of Plurality:
•The winners don't always represent the voter's ideology (only 2 viable choices)
•All or nothing elections even with very slim margins, thus leading to the fact that winners don't actually represent the majorityy*
•It is the reason we have a two-party system
• Voters are placed in a situation where they are forced to subside their beliefs and instead side with a major party in the efforts of making their 'voices' head by
their constituentss*.
• Leads to gerrymanderingg* and ensures that there is continued power
o Disproportionality
Disproportionality?
•FPTP limits the formation of third parties, which leads to the lack of numbers of competitive parties and ideologies. This is detrimental because of the quality of democracy increases with the variety of voices that are heard
• Sometimes big diff. b/w %
vote and % seats ... WHY?
Majority electoral rules
Requires that candidates obtain a majority of 50% +1 of the votes in a district to win.
• If no candidate wins > 50%, there is a second round of voting in which only top two candidates compete.
Majority electoral rules: Cases
• Belgiumm* in 2010 was indicative of how a majority electoral system does not work because with even with a coalition system in place, it took the parties within the country 541 days to form a productive coalition to resume governmental activities.
• In 2006, Italyy* went through a disassembly of their government through a corruption scandal that erupted within the coalition that was leading the government, which left the party to leave the coalition, then forcing the Prime Minister to resign and the government to fall apart. In the end, the infamous Silvio Berlusconi took up the prime minister's position
Majority electoral rules: nature of, problems of
•The nature of the majority electoral systems is to make a system to clearly determine a winner in elections.
The nature could also be argued to stem from the desire for cooperation, which a majority can produce through the formation of coalitions.
Majority electoral rules: advantages & disadvantages
Advantages
• A catalyst for productivity in legislatures
• Allows for a variety of parties and ideologies to exist in a governmental system
Disadvantages
• The variance of parties can in and of itself stunt progress in governments like the case in Belgium and Italy
• Disagreement can lead into a massive downfall of the entire government as in the
case of Italy
• And in turn lead to terrible leaders
Ranked Choice Voting:
Alternative Vote: rank your first, second, and third choice candidates
Proportional representation
An electoral system that distributes seats proportionally to the vote each party receives.
• (% of votes = % of seats)
Proportional representation: Cases
In 2013, Norway was discovered to have a flaw in their proportional representation electoral system where their electoral system was not actually proportional and had a threshold minimum where there is a minimum percentage that a party must maintain to actually have representation in the legislature
Proportional representation: Nature of
Proportional representation is very simple in that it just tries to accurately represent the ideologies that the voting population holds and have them represented in the legislature.
Proportional representation: Problems of
It is designed for multi-party states, and it cant work everywhere
Proportional representation: Strategic voting?
Wouldn't have it b/c you get to vote for whoever you want.
Proportional representation: Advantages
There are more viable choices for people to vote for
•More parties
•Proportionality (Advocates: it creates truer, fairer democratic representation)
• Citizens' choices are less constrained, and they have more choices in the multi- party system. (No wasted vote problem..*)
•Higher voter turnout, higher levels of political engagement, awareness and knowledge
•Coalition govts.
Proportional representation: Disadvantages
• There is a platform for extremists to express and even enact their beliefs
• All of the problems associated with coalition govts.
•Decision and accountability problems
• Harder for citizens to decide which
party represents them best?
• Harder for citizens to keep track of who to blame?
Mixed electoral rules
o Are a combination of plurality and majority electoral systems
o Example: New Zealand and their 2 sided ballot
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Verified questions
finance
Wilson's materials quantity variance for the current month was exactly one-half of its materials price variance. Both variances were unfavorable. The company's cost accountant has supplied the following standard cost information: Standard price per pound of materials = $\$15$ Actual pounds purchased and used during the month = 600 pounds Actual cost per pound of materials purchased and used = $\$16$ Actual units manufactured during the month = 500 units Normal productive output per month = 550 units **Instructions** c. Record the journal entry to charge Work in Process for the cost of materials used during the month.
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finance
The following units of a particular item were available for sale during the calendar year: <style type="text/css"> .tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px; overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;} .tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;} .tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top} </style> <table class="tg"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="tg-0lax">Jan</td> <td class="tg-0lax">1</td> <td class="tg-0lax">Inventory</td> <td class="tg-0lax">4,000 units at $20</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-0lax">Apr</td> <td class="tg-0lax">19</td> <td class="tg-0lax">Sale</td> <td class="tg-0lax">2,500 units</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-0lax">June</td> <td class="tg-0lax">30</td> <td class="tg-0lax">Purchase</td> <td class="tg-0lax">6,000 units at$24</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-0lax">Sept</td> <td class="tg-0lax">2</td> <td class="tg-0lax">Sale</td> <td class="tg-0lax">4,500 units</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-0lax">Oct</td> <td class="tg-0lax">20</td> <td class="tg-0lax">Purchase</td> <td class="tg-0lax">1,000 units at $25</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The firm uses the weighted average cost method with a perpetual inventory system. Determine the cost of goods sold for each sale and the inventory balance after each sale. Present the data in the form illustrated in the exhibit.
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economics
Jim buys only milk and cookies. a. In 2001, Jim earns $\$100$, milk costs $\$2$ per quart, and cookies cost $\$4$ per dozen. Draw Jim’s budget constraint. b. Now suppose that all prices increase by 10 percent in 2002 and that Jim’s salary increases by 10 percent as well. Draw Jim’s new budget constraint. How would Jim’s optimal combination of milk and cookies in 2002 compare to his optimal combination in 2001?
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management
a. Contrast the meanings of the terms job enlargement and job enrichment. b. What is the purpose of approaches such as job enlargement and job enrichment?
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