1. Put the following numbers into scientific notation:
23.56 (2.356 X 101)
4,634 (4.634 X
103)
0.000235 (2.35 X 10-4)
1, 012, 456 (1.012456 X 106)
0.0000002 (2 X 10-7)
2. 40 cc
= 0.04 liters
5 inches = 12.5 cm
3.63mm = 3630 um
3. Put these measurements in correct order, from shortest to longest:
3 cm - 3 2 inches - 4 2 nm - 1 56 angstroms - 2
4. Of the following solutions, which would you give intravenously to a dehydrated patient?
Why?
100 % water 0.5 - 0.9% NaCl 10 % dextrose
0.5 - 0.9% NaCl - an isotonic solution won�t damage blood cells or tissues, and a slightly
hypotonic
solution will drive water into tissues, which is where you want it to go in a
dehydrated patient
5. What is the total magnification of a microscope using a 45X objective (ocular
magnification = 10X)? 450X
6. How many grams of NaCl do you need to make:
500 mls of 0.9 % NaCl solution?
(0.9 g/100 mls) X 500 mls = 4.5 g
250 mls of 300 mosm NaCl solution? (MW NaCl = 58.44
g)
(58.44 g/ 1 M x 1L) x 0.15 M x 0.25 L = 2.19 g
500 mls of 250 mM NaCl solution?
(58.44 g/ 1 M x 1 L) x 0.25 M x 0.5 L = 7.3 g
7. How many grams of KCl do you need to make:
1.5 liters of 150 mosm KCl? (MW KCl = 74.55 g)
(74.55 g/ 1 M x 1 L) x 0.75 M x 1.5 L = 83.87 g
8. How many grams
of dextrose do you need to make 22 mls of 15 % dextrose solution?
(15 g/ 100 mls) x 22 mls = 3.3 g
9. What is the osmolarity of body fluids? This value of osmolarity is roughly equivalent to
what % concentration of NaCl? 290-300
mosm; 0.9% NaCl
10. Use the table below to answer the following questions: Weight of Bag time 0 15 min
30 min 45 min
bag 1 23 g 21.9 g 21 g
20.8 g
bag 2 19 g 19.5 g 19.3 g 19.2 g
bag 3
20 g 17 g 16.8 g 16.6 g
A. Is bag 1 hypotonic, isotonic or hypertonic to the fluid in the beaker?
B. Why does the rate of weight gain/loss decrease as the experiment progresses?
Process of osmosis is reaching equilibrium
C.
Which bag is isotonic to the fluid in the beaker? Bag 2
11. If you put 10% NaCl solution on red blood cells, what happens to the cells? Why?
They shrink - cells are hypotonic to the 10% NaCl solution, so water moves from the
cells into the solution
12. Which of the following bones are part of the axial skeleton, and which are part of the
appendicular skeleton?
Hyoid-Ax rib-Ax
sacrum-Ax ischium-App mandible-Ax tibia-App
13. What bone or bones make up the following structures:
bony part of nose: nasal, ethmoid, vomer, maxilla
wall of the orbits: lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla, frontal, zygomatic, palatine
temples: temporal, parietal, sphenoid, frontal
cheek bones: zygomatic, temporal
jaw: mandible only
forehead: frontal
14. Fill in the following table:
Cranial Nerves(see h/o for more details)
Number Name
Function Foramen How to Assess Function
(S,M, B)
1 olfactory S cribiform plate smell
2
optic S optic foramen visual tests
3
oculomotor M superior orbital pupils, eyelids, most eye
fissure movements
4 trochlear M
superior orbital lateral eye movement
fissure
5 trigeminal B superior orbital mastication; touch to nose,
fissure; foramen
mouth, eyes, around eyes
rotundum and ovale
6 abducens M superior orbital fissure lateral eye movement
7
facial B internal acoustic meatus taste; facial
stylomastoid foramen expression
8 auditory S internal acoustic meatus hearing, balance
(vestibulocochlear)
9 glossopharyngeal B jugular foramen swallowing, phonation
taste, touch in pharynx
10 vagus B jugular foramen swallowing, phonation
sensation, motor to viscera
11 spinal accessory M jugular foramen shoulder muscles
12 hypoglossal
M hypoglossal canal tongue movements
15. Fill in the table below:
Sensory Systems
Sense Receptor Cranial nerve/spinal
cord Cortical area/lobe
pathway
vision rods/cones optic nerve occipital
hearing hair cells vestibulocochlear nerve temporal
balance hair
cells vestibulocochlear nerve temporal
smell neurons olfactory nerve
olfactory bulbs
taste chemoreceptors VI, IX, X end of postcentral
gyrus
touch Meissners dorsal columns postcentral
gyrus
pressure Pacinian spinothalamic postcentral gyrus
temperature
Ruffini, Krause spinothalamic postcentral gyrus
pain free nerve endings spinothalamic postcentral gyrus
16. Name one synergist and one antagonist muscle for each of the following:
Synergist
Antagonist
Biceps brachii brachialis Triceps brachii
Vastus lateralis rectus femoris
hamstrings
Vastus medialis
and
intermedius
Temporalis masseter digastric, mylohyoid
external intercostal diaphragm
internal intercostal
gastrocnemius soleus tibialis anterior
biceps femoris other muscles of
quadriceps group
hamstrings
17. Identify the cranial nerve(s) that might be damaged give the following
symptoms:
A. Weakness of shoulder muscles on right side right spinal accessory
B. Drooping of eyelid on left side; patient is unable to move left eye
upward left oculomotor
C. Lack of sensation around lower jaw on right side, and lack of facial
expression on right side right trigeminal and facial
18. Name a function (or something that is associated with) the following structures:
A. Corpora quadrigemina visual and auditory reflexes; mesencephalon
B. pineal gland circadian rhythms;
diencephalon
C. dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies of sensory neurons in spinal
nerves
D. cranial nerve VIII vestibulocochlear nerve - hearing and balance
E. cochlea organ in inner ear, lined with hair cells, distinguishes sound
frequencies (hearing)
F. semicircular canals in 3 dimensions, senses movement of head/body
in the 3 directions - dynamic equilibrium
G. corpus callosum white fiber tract connecting the 2 cerebral
hemispheres
H. pons
large fiber tract in mesencephalon, contains ascending and
descending pathways
I. cerebellum metencephalon; controls balance, posture, precision of
movements
J. Broca�s area (also, where is it?) left frontal lobe - speech
production
K. Wernicke�s area (also, where is it?) left temporal lobe - speech
comprehension
L. cornea clear extension of sclera that covers, protects front of eyeball
M. iris pigmented muscle tissue, expands, contracts depending on light
level
N. pyramids myelencephalon - fiber tracts (descending corticospinal
tracts)
O. arachnoid granulations CSF goes from ventricles into venous
circulation through the arachnoid granulations
P. subarachnoid space under arachnoid mater; where blood vessels are
located, where CSF circulates
Q. cranial nerve X vagus - sensory
and motor to thoracic and abdominal
viscera; swallowing and talking; sensation behind ear