Is the process of selecting, organizing, storing, and retrieving information about the environment

95.(p. 272)Bounded rationality says we are likely to do all of these except:A.pick the alternative that maximizes value.B.evaluate each alternative as soon as we think of it.C.use distorted and inaccurate information during the evaluation process.D.satisfice.E.boil the problem down to something that is easily understood.Bounded rationality says we are likely to evaluate each alternative as soon as we think of it,use distorted and inaccurate information during the evaluation process, satisfice, and, boil theproblem down to something that is easily understood. To be a rational decision maker weshould pick the alternative that maximizes value.8-21

Chapter 08 - Learning and Decision Making96.(p. 273)_____ can be very useful because they help us to make sense of the environmentaround us, but they can often become distorted versions of reality.

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97.(p. 273)The tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it isconsistent with their expectations is called:

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98.(p. 273)The belief that others think, feel, and act the same way as you do refers to:

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Chapter 08 - Learning and Decision Making99.(p. 273)All the following statements about projection bias are true except:A.it holds that people identify themselves by the groups to which they belong and perceiveand judge others by their group memberships.B.people project their own thoughts, attitudes, and motives onto other people.C.it causes problems in decision making because it limits our ability to develop appropriatecriteria for a decision and evaluate decisions carefully.D.it causes people to assume that everyone's criteria will be just like theirs and that everyonewill react to the decision just as they did.E.it is the belief that others think, feel, and act the same way they do.All the following statements about projection bias are true. People project their own thoughts,attitudes, and motives onto other people. It causes problems in decision making because itlimits our ability to develop appropriate criteria for a decision and evaluate decisions

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Chapter 8: Learning and Decision MakingLearningreflects relatively permanent change in an employee’s knowledge or skill (andbehaviour)Decision makingrefers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives tosolve a problem.The more knowledge and skills employees possess, the more likely they are to makeaccurate and sound decisions.What is Expertise?

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Two Types of KnowledgeExplicit knowledgeis the kind of information you are likely to think about when you picturesomeone sitting down at a desk to learn.Relatively easily communicatedWe acquire this in university classesTacit knowledgeis what employees can typically learn only through experience.Up to90%of the knowledge contained in organizations occurs in tacit formMethods of LearningExplicit and tacit learning are important to both employees and the organizationHow do employees learn these types of knowledge?Reinforcement (rewards and punishments)ObservationGoal Orientation (predispositions)ReinforcementBasic idea here is that we have a tendency to repeat behaviours that result in consequences welike….and not exhibit behaviours that results in consequences we don’t like.Operant ConditioningOperant conditioningsays that we learn by observing the link between our voluntary behaviourand the consequences that follow it.Four Contingencies of ReinforcementTwo contingencies used toincreasedesired behaviours:Positive reinforcementoccurs when a wanted outcome follows a behaviour.Most common type of reinforcementIncreased pay, promotionNegative reinforcementoccurs when an unwanted outcome is removed or avoidedfollowing a behaviourPerform a task to avoid getting yelled outTwo contingencies used todecreaseundesired behaviours:Punishmentoccurs when an unwanted outcome follows a behaviour.Suspension; firing; disciplined in front of coworkers

Extinctionoccurs when there is the removal of a wanted outcome following a behaviour.Stop laughing at off-color jokesGood performance that used to receive verbal praise, is now ignored (or noresponse) by supervisorsReinforcement SchedulesIn addition to the four reinforcement contingencies, the timing of reinforcement has been found tobe quite important.Continuous reinforcementis the simplest schedule of reinforcement and happens when aspecific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a certain behaviour. Forpractical reasons, this type of schedule is impractical in work settings.

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90, FAE, 1 273, 55 8 billion

Is the process of selecting organizing storing and retrieving information?

Which of the following is a characteristic of tacit knowledge?

Which of the following is the first step in the behavior modeling process?

Which of these occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior?