acquisition (classical conditioning)
The initial learning of the stimulus–response link, which involves a neutral stimulus being associated with an unconditioned stimulus and becoming the conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.
Behavior Modification/Applied Behavior Analysis
Use of learning techniques to modify or change and increase desirable behavior.
Learning in which a connection, or an association, is made between two events.
A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping
Learning by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response
conditioned response (CR)
The
learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the pairing of a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
A classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.
discrimination (in classical conditioning)
The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
discrimination (operant conditioning)
The tendency to respond to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
extinction (classical conditioning)
The
weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
instrumental/operant conditioning: extinction
- the response is diminished and finally eliminated in the absence of reinforcement
- response is not completely unlearned - rather it is inhibited in the absence of reinforcement
- it will rapidly reappear if the reinforcement is returned
generalization (classical conditioning)
The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
generalization (operant conditioning)
The tendency to give the same response to similar stimuli.
A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of the problem's solution.
The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.
latent learning (implicit learning)
Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, whereas behaviors followed by
negative outcomes are weakened.
The phenomenon of learning through experience that outcomes are not controllable.
A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
A behavior decreases when a positive stimulus is removed from it.
Following a behavior with the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus to increase the frequency of the behavior.
Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior; also called imitation or modeling.
Also called instrumental conditioning; a form of learning
A behavior decreases when it is followed by an unpleasant
stimulus.
Following a behavior with a rewarding stimulus to increase the frequency of the behavior.
The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.
The use of reinforcers that are innately satisfying.
A consequence that decreases
the likelihood a behavior will occur.
The process by which a stimulus or an event strengthens or increases the probability of a behavior or an event that it follows.
schedules of reinforcement
Timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.
The use of reinforcers that are learned or conditioned.
Rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.
The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further conditioning.
unconditioned response (UCR)
An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.