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Terms in this set (50)
An experiment is defined by all but
the manipulation of a dependent variable
An independent variable is
a manipulated variable
Participants receive all levels of a(n) __________ variable, but only one level of a(n) ____________ variable.
within-subjects, between-subjects
Order effects are particularly problematic for __________ designs, but group differences are a problematic in __________ designs.
within-subjects, between-subjects
_________ can be used to counter order effects.
counterbalancing
_________ can be used to counter group differences.
randomization
In a Latin Square, the number of orders used is equal to the number of _________ in the experiment.
conditions
An experiment conducted with one or a few participants to better understand the behavior of those individuals is called a small _____ design.
n
Which of the following represents an experiment?
Participants are randomly assigned to conditions where a cognitive task is given with speeded or non-speeded instructions to determine if there is an effect of instruction type of task performance
An extraneous factor is also called a(n)
confounding variable
_______ effects occur when the order in which the participants experience conditions in an experiment affects the results of the study.
order
A _______ design is a between-subjects experiment that involves sets of participants matched on a specific characteristic with each member of the set randomly assigned to a different level of the independent variable.
matched
At minimum, how many independent variables must be included in a study in order for it to be classified as an experiment?
one
__________ effects occur when participants are tested more than once in a study, with early testing affecting later testing.
testing
When different groups of participants receive different orders of the levels of the independent variable this is called
counterbalancing
A manipulation of an _______ variable involves researcher control of the administration of the levels of the variable to the participants.
independent
When participants are randomly assigned to levels of the independent variable in an experiment to control for individual differences as an extraneous variable this is called
random assignment
Manipulation of an independent variable in a study _________ the internal validity of the study.
increases
Without the manipulation of a(n) _________ variable, it is very difficult to rule out other possible factors as causes of a change in the _________ variable.
independent, dependent
The presence of extraneous factors in a study that affect the dependent variable and can decrease the internal validity of the study is called
a third variable
Random assignment is a means of controlling for participant differences across groups and ________ the internal validity of the experiment.
increases
In this design, subjects' scores in one condition are compared with their scores in the other condition.
within-subject design
Random assignment is important for _________ variables in terms of the order in which participants receive the levels of the variable to control for possible order effects of the different levels of the variable.
within-subject
Order effects are a particular form of _______ effects.
testing
The primary concern with ________ variables is the order in which the participants receive the different levels of the independent variable.
within-subject design
To simplify the counterbalancing in such a case, a partial counterbalancing technique, called a ________square, can be used.
Latin
There are areas of psychology where experiments are used more often than in others including all but
personality
Much of the research in this area is focused on understanding factors that influence memory, perception, language processes, and decision making.
cognitive
Latin squares can be useful for within-subjects designs where independent variables have _______ level(s).
a number of
Counterbalancing is ______ when there are only two conditions that participants experience in an experiment.
easy
In this design, each subject serves as their own comparison.
within-subject design
In within-subjects manipulations, each participant receives _____ levels of the independent variable.
all
The manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment allows the researcher to learn about the causal relationship between the independent and ________variables.
dependent
A participant's gender, personality, and smoking status ______be independent variables.
can never
A(n) ____________ variable is manipulated such that participants are randomly assigned to levels.
independent
Experiments are the best research design for answering causal research questions.
True
All experiments contain at least one independent variable.
True
Random assignment of participants to levels allows random distribution of participant differences across the levels.
True
The manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment allows the researcher to learn about the causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
True
Random assignment means that subjects are assigned to groups according to chance, not according to any characteristic they possess or any choice made by the researcher.
True
The primary concern of between-subjects variables is the order in which the participants receive the different levels of the independent variable.
False
The presence of individual differences across groups is the greatest concern for within-subjects experiments.
False
Counterbalancing is relatively easy when there are only two conditions that participants will experience in an experiment.
True
Latin Squares can be useful for within subjects designs where independent variables have the same number of levels.
True
In experiments where individual differences are likely to be present and a small sample size is used, random assignment may not be sufficient to control for these differences.
True
What aspects of an experiment allow tests of causal relationships?
Manipulation of an independent variable and control of extraneous variables.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a within-subjects experiment.
Advantages: need fewer subjects, subjects serve as their own control so no group differences. Disadvantages: must consider order effects, subject commitment is longer.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a between-subjects experiment.
Advantages: no order effects, subject commitment is shorter. Disadvantages: need more subjects, may be group differences.
Provide an example of a confounding variable.
Answers will vary. A confounding variable is an extraneous factor present in a study that may affect the results.
Provide an example of a research study with a small-n design.
Answers will vary. A small-n design is an experiment conducted with one or a few participants to better understand the behavior of those individuals
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