Politics in States and Communities
15th EditionSusan A. MacManus, Thomas R. Dye
177 solutions
Politics in States and Communities
15th EditionSusan A. MacManus, Thomas R. Dye
177 solutions
American Government
1st EditionGlen Krutz
412 solutions
Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition
16th EditionGeorge C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry
269 solutions
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Terms in this set (19)
John Quincy Adams; Democrats and the National Republicans; presidential campaign of 1828
In the presidential election of 1824, the House of Representatives chose —— over Andrew Jackson as president. By 1828, the Democratic-Republican Party had split into the ———. In the ——-, both sides used mudslinging, slogans, buttons, and rallies.
Andrew Jackson; spoils system; nominating conventions
President ——- promised "equal protection and equal benefits" for all Americans. Jackson fired many federal workers and replaced them with his supporters, a practice called the ——-. Under Jackson, parties began using ——, at which delegates from the states chose the party's presidential candidate. This allowed more people to help make the choice.
In 1824, four Democratic Republican candidates competed for the presidency. Party leaders chose William H. Crawford, a former senator from Georgia, to be their candidate. Three other candidates were favorite sons—that is, they received backing from their home states rather than the national party. Their views reflected the interests of their regions.
From 1816 to 1824, the United States had only one major political party. This was the Democratic Republican Party. The party was far from united. In 1824, what happened?
Jackson, of Tennessee, was a hero of the War of 1812. Raised in poverty, he claimed to speak for Americans who had been left out of politics. The third favorite son, John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, was the son of former president John Adams. He was popular with merchants of the Northeast.
Two favorite sons, Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay, were from the West. Clay, of Kentucky, was Speaker of the House of Representatives. Describe Andrew Jackson's "heroism".
As the House prepared to vote, Clay met with Adams. Clay agreed to use his influence as Speaker to defeat Jackson. With Clay's help, the House chose Adams for president. Adams quickly named Clay to be secretary of state. In the past this office had been the stepping-stone to the presidency. Jackson's followers accused the two men of making a "corrupt bargain" and stealing the election.
In the election, Jackson received a plurality of the popular vote—the largest share. No candidate received a majority, or more than half, of the electoral votes. The Constitution requires that the House of Representatives select the president when no candidate has won a majority of the electoral vote. What then happened?
Adams announced his plans. In addition to improving roads and waterways, he wanted to build a national university and support scientific research. Adams's proposals upset his opponents. They wanted a more limited role for the federal government. It would be wrong, they believed, for government to spend money on such projects. Congress finally approved funds for improving rivers, harbors, and roads, but this was far less than Adams wanted.
Adams and Clay denied any wrongdoing. No one ever uncovered any evidence of a bargain. Still, the charge cast a shadow over Adams's presidency. In his first message to Congress, ??
Most Democrats favored states' rights and distrusted strong central government. The National Republicans wanted a strong central government. They supported measures such as building roads and a national bank to facilitate economic growth.
By 1828, the Democratic Republican Party had split. Jackson's supporters called themselves Democrats. The National Republicans supported Adams. Describe the Democrats.
In the election, Jackson received most of the votes cast in the frontier states. He also received many votes in the South, where his support for states' rights was popular. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, who had been Adams's vice president, switched parties to run with Jackson. Calhoun also supported states' rights. Jackson won the election easily. Shortly after the election, Jackson's supporters officially formed the Democratic Party.
During the campaign, both sides resorted to mudslinging, or attempts to ruin their opponent's reputation with insults. The candidates also used slogans, buttons, and rallies. Such practices became a regular part of American political life. Describe other things that happened to Jackson in the election.
He was a patriot, a self-made man, and a war hero. Thousands of ordinary people came to Washington for his inauguration. Later, many attended a White House reception. President Andrew Jackson promised "equal protection and equal benefits" for all Americans—at least, all white American men. Jackson's promise reflected the spirit of the times.
Andrew Jackson had qualities most Americans admired. What were some?
By the 1820s, many states had loosened these requirements. White male sharecroppers, factory workers, and others could now participate in the political process. By 1828, nearly all states let voters, rather than state legislatures, choose presidential electors. Women still could not vote. African Americans and Native Americans had few rights of any kind.
In the nation's early years, only men who owned property or paid taxes could vote. By the 1820s, what happened?
They argued that ordinary citizens could do most government jobs. They were disturbed that the federal government had become a bureaucracy, a system in which nonelected officials carry out laws. Soon after taking office in 1829, Jackson fired many federal workers and replaced them with his supporters. The fired employees protested. They charged that the president was acting like a tyrant.
Democrats wanted to further open government to the people. They argued what?
In other words, because Jackson had won the election, his supporters had the right to the spoils, or benefits, of victory. This practice of replacing current government employees with supporters of the winner is called the spoils system.
One Jackson supporter said: "To the victors belong the spoils." In other words, what did it state?
Instead, parties began using nominating conventions, where delegates from the states chose the party's presidential candidate. This system allowed many more people to participate in the selection of candidates.
Jackson's supporters also abandoned the unpopular caucus system, in which top party leaders chose the party's candidates for office. Instead, what happened?
Tariffs made European goods more expensive. This encouraged Americans to buy American-made goods. Southerners disliked the tariff. They had a profitable trade selling their cotton to Europe. They feared that taxing European goods might hurt this trade. In addition, tariffs meant higher prices for the goods they bought from their European trading partners.
A tariff is a tax on imported goods. The high tariff on European manufactured goods was pleasing to Northeastern factory owners. What did it do?
Vice President Calhoun claimed that a state had the right to nullify, or refuse to accept, a federal law if it was not in that state's best interests. President Jackson disagreed with this reasoning. He feared that nullification would destroy the Union.
In 1828 Congress had passed a very high tariff law. Describe this.
He offered a toast. Looking directly at Calhoun, the president declared, "Our Union! It must be preserved!" Answering Jackson's challenge, the vice president rose with a toast of his own: "The Union, next to our liberty, most dear." To make sure his meaning was clear, Calhoun added, "It can only be preserved by respecting the rights of the states."
In 1830, at a Washington dinner marking Thomas Jefferson's birthday, Jackson had a chance to make his feelings on nullification known. What did he do?
The bill provided federal funds for the building of a road in Kentucky. Jackson vetoed the bill. Jackson argued that because the road would be entirely within Kentucky, it should be a state project. In other words, the federal government should support only projects that benefited the entire nation.
Not long after Jackson and Calhoun faced off at the dinner, Congress passed the Maysville Road bill. What did it do?
South Carolina passed the Nullification Act, declaring it would not pay "illegal" tariffs. The state threatened to secede, or break away, from the Union if the federal government interfered. Jackson believed in a strong Union. He asked Congress to pass the Force Bill. This act allowed him to use the military to enforce federal law. South Carolina accepted the new tariff but nullified the Force Bill.
In 1832 Congress passed a lower tariff. It was not enough to cool the protest. What happened due to this?
Northeastern factory owners; John C. Calhoun; Andrew Jackson
The protective tariff on European manufactured goods pleased ——— but displeased Southerners, who feared it would hurt their cotton trade. Vice President —— supported states' rights, including a state's right to nullify a federal law that was not in its best interest. President —— believed in a strong Union and feared that nullification would destroy the nation.
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