Rogers listed seven characteristics of the person of tomorrow.
First, persons of tomorrow would be more adaptable and more flexible in their thinking.
Second, they would be open to their experiences, accurately symbolizing them in awareness rather than denying or distorting them. Persons of tomorrow would listen to themselves and hear their joy, anger, discouragement, fear, and tenderness.
A third characteristic would be a tendency to live fully at the moment, experiencing a constant state of fluidity and change. They would see each experience with a new freshness and appreciate it fully in the present moment. Rogers (1961) referred to this tendency to live in the moment as existential living.
Fourth, persons of tomorrow would remain confident of their ability to experience harmonious relations with others. They would feel no need to be liked or loved by everyone because they would know that they are unconditionally prized and accepted by someone.
Fifth, they would be more integrated, more whole, with no artificial boundary between conscious processes and unconscious ones. Because they would be able to accurately symbolize all their experiences in awareness, they would see clearly the difference between what is and what should be.
Sixth, persons of tomorrow would have a basic trust of human nature. They would experience anger, frustration, depression, and other negative emotions, but they would be able to express rather than repress these feelings.
Seventh, because persons of tomorrow are open to all their experiences, they would enjoy a greater richness in life than do other people. They would live in the present and thus participate more richly in the ongoing moment.
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1. Rogers wanted to be a ______________________ after he graduated from the University of Wisconsin, but he switched to psychology when he went to Columbia University.
minister
2. Rogers's system of therapy is called ______________________, and his theory of personality can be called person-centered.
client-centered
3. The ______________________ tendency suggests that all matter tends to evolve from simpler to more complex forms.
formative
4. The ______________________ tendency suggests that people tend to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials.
actualization
5. A state of ________________________ exists when the organismic self, the perceived self, and the ideal self are in harmony.
congruence
6. To Rogers, the real self and the __________________ self are the same concept.
organismic
7. Rogers believed that each of us has an _____________________ self, that is, a picture of our self as we would wish to be.
ideal
8. Discrepancies between the _________________________ and the organismic self results in incongruence.
self-concept
9. A discrepancy between self-concept and organismic experiences is called ____________________.
incongruence
10. People often deny or ____________________ both positive and negative experiences because these experiences threaten an established self-concept.
distort
11. All of us, Rogers said, have a need for ______________________, that is, a feeling of self-confidence and self-worth.
self-regard
12. We experience ______________________ of worth whenever a significant other accepts only our positive behaviors and traits.
conditions
13. The need for _______________________ would include the need for food, sleep, and the tendency to resist change.
maintenance
14. The need for ________________________ includes the need to grow, to develop, and to become a more fully-functioning person.
enhancement
15. The first condition for therapeutic growth is that a _____________________ client comes into contact with a congruent therapist.
vulnerable
16. A _____________________ person is one whose organismic experiences are matched by an awareness of them and a willingness to communicate them honestly.
congruent
17. Unconditional ____________________________ exists when the therapist prizes the client regardless of the client's behavior.
positive regard
18. A state of ______________________ exists when therapists accurately sense the feelings of their clients and are able to communicate these perceptions so that the clients know that another person is on their wavelength.
empathy
19. According to Rogers, _____________________ living is the tendency to live in the moment.
existential
20. The issues of freedom and control of human behavior were at the heart of a series of debates between Rogers and ________________________.
control (freedom)
1. Carl Rogers' parents were teachers, and they encouraged him to become a teacher.
F
2. Rogers's theory of personality grew out of his experiences as a psychotherapist.
T
3. Rogers' approach to psychotherapy is most accurately called nondirective.
F
4. As a schoolboy, Rogers became interested in scientific farming, an interest that contributed to his later research abilities.
T
5. After receiving his PhD, Rogers spent more than 10 years in clinical practice, mostly isolated from the academic community, and this isolation helped him develop an approach to therapy that was unique.
T
6. According to Rogers, all living organisms possess the actualizing tendency.
T
7. Once the self-concept is formed, change becomes difficult.
T
8. Self-actualization is a subsystem of the actualizing tendency.
T
9. In Rogerian theory, the actualizing tendency refers to the person's organismic or physiological experiences.
T
10. Rogers believed that healthy people adjust their organismic self in order to make it congruent with their ideal self.
F
11. Receiving praise or compliments can be threatening to a person's self-concept.
T
12. Maintenance needs include the need to resist change.
T
13. After people have established unconditional positive self-regard, they no longer depend on others for unconditional positive regard.
T
14. Rogers held that healthy people evaluate their experience from the viewpoint of significant others.
F
15. According to Rogers, people with low self-worth who receive positive external evaluations will assimilate these evaluations into their self-concept, and thus will grow toward psychological health.
F
16. According to Rogers, a vulnerable person is unaware of the discrepancy between self and experience.
T
17. Rogers was more interested in building a theory than in conducting psychotherapy.
F
18. The three necessary conditions for therapeutic growth, Rogers believed, are counselor congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathic listening.
T
19. Rogers believed that when client-centered therapy is successful, clients become their own therapists.
T
20. A strong criticism of Rogers' theory is that it has not produced any research.
F
1. At the height of his career, Rogers engaged in a series of debates with
a. George Kelly.
b. Carl Jung.
c. B.F. Skinner.
d. Albert Bandura.
C
2. As a young boy, Rogers
a was shy and frequently teased by his older brothers and sisters.
b. spent 2 years
in a detention home for wayward boys.
c. wanted to be a physician.
d. held deep-seated animosity toward his mother.
A
3. Rogers described the formative tendency as the tendency for
a. humans to form intimate interpersonal relationships.
b. matter to evolve from simpler to more complex form.
c. people to strive toward self-actualization.
d. people to return to an inorganic state.
B
4. Rogers believed that all behavior relates to one's
a. enhancement needs.
b. ideal self.
c. safety needs.
d. actualizing tendency.
D
5. Healthy people evaluate their experiences as good or bad according to this criterion.
a. the self-concept
b. perceived self
c. reflected appraisal of others
d. the actualizing
tendency
D
6. In Rogerian theory, the actualization tendency
a. is synonymous with the formative tendency.
b. has the same or nearly the same meaning as self-actualization.
c. refers to the person's organismic experiences.
d. refers to the tendency to actualize the perceived self.
C
7. Inner tension arises, Rogers
said, when a conflict exists between the
a. self-actualization tendency and the organismic self.
b. emotion and cognition.
c. the values of others and one's own values.
d. the formative tendency and the actualization tendency.
A
8. A discrepancy between the self-concept and the ideal self results in
a. ego defense mechanisms.
b. safe-guarding tendencies.
c. the person of tomorrow.
d.
incongruence.
D
9. Taylor's parents praise her whenever her behavior meets with their standards. However, they punish Taylor when her behavior fails to meet with their approval. From this information it appears that Taylor is experiencing
a. low self-esteem.
b. conditions of worth.
c. disorganization.
d. high self-esteem.
B
10.
Tyler has a negative view of himself. To increase his self-concept, his parents and teachers continually praise and compliment him. Rogers believed that such praise and compliments are most likely to
a. enhance Tyler's self-esteem.
b. reinforce Tyler's negative behavior.
c. be easily accepted into Tyler's self-concept.
d. be distorted by Tyler.
D
11. According to Rogers, the two basic human needs
are
a. sex and safety.
b. self-actualization and self-enhancement.
c. power and submission.
d. maintenance and enhancement.
D
12. Rogers believed that, for psychologically healthy individuals,
a. the self and experience are congruent.
b. denial of organismic functioning is essential.
c. the ideal self replaces the real self.
d. an incongruence exists between their organismic self and
their ideal self.
A
13. Which statement is consistent with Rogers' theory?
a. Self-regard is originally dependent on self-concept.
b. Once achieved, self-regard can exist independently of others' opinions and attitudes.
c. Self-regard is symptomatic of malignant egoism.
d. Self-regard stems from the negative appraisals received from others.
B
14. An unawareness of a discrepancy between self and experience leads to
a. psychological health.
b. anxiety.
c. threat.
d. vulnerability.
e. guilt.
D
15. According to Rogers, the two primary defensive strategies are ______.
a. repression and denial
b. repression and reaction formation
c. denial and distortion
d. repression and regression
C
16. Rogers believed that a person with a disorganized personality may at times behave consistently with organismic experience and at other times consistently with
a. the ideal self.
b. others' expectations.
c. the shattered self-concept.
d. the actualizing tendency.
C
17. Rogers hypothesized that empathy, unconditional positive
regard, and congruence are
a. necessary and sufficient conditions for therapy.
b. necessary but not sufficient conditions for therapy.
c. sufficient but not necessary conditions for therapy.
d. neither necessary nor sufficient for therapy.
A
18. In the Chicago studies,
a. clients who received no therapy experienced the same level of growth as did the clients in the therapy group.
b. clients who
received no therapy received no psychological growth.
c. Carl Rogers was the sole therapist.
d. all the therapist were graduate students.
B
19. Clients are better able to listen to themselves when the therapist possesses
a. sympathy for them.
b. empathy for them.
c. conditions of worth toward them.
d. a professional attitude toward them.
B
20. Rogers hypothesized that persons of tomorrow would
a. mistrust others.
b. be free of psychological conflict.
c. be open to their experience.
d. reach a high-level stage where continued change was unnecessary.
C
21. In the Chicago studies, Rogers and his associates found that
a. clients who received client-centered therapy became fully functioning.
b.
empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence were neither necessary nor sufficient.
c. clients who received client-centered therapy improved, but they did not reach an "average" level of psychological functioning.
d. clients who received cognitive behavior therapy showed no gain.
C
22. Which statement is most consistent with Rogers' concept of humanity?
a. People have a natural tendency to
move toward actualization.
b. People move inevitably toward actualization.
c. People move inevitably toward self-actualization.
d. People are free to become what they will.
A
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