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- Human Geography
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Terms in this set (63)
The urbanization and growth of the steel producing centers of the Ruhr Valley in Germany and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the United States can best be explained by the site characteristics of
large, local supplies of coal and intersecting rivers
Most countries within western Europe and South America are highly urbanized. Which of the following statements best explains an important similarity or difference in the urbanization of these regions?
Western Europe urbanized before South America because industrialization occurred first in Europe.
Which of the following best explains the rapid development of edge cities in the United States Southwest in comparison with other regions of the United States?
Edge cities developed rapidly in the Southwest region of the United States because large numbers of people migrated from the Midwest for the warmer climate and for the jobs resulting when corporations relocated for financial incentives.
Which of the following scenarios is best explained by the concept of range in Christaller's central place theory?
A consumer purchases gasoline at the nearest town but travels to the nearest city to purchase a new car.
Which of the following statements best explains the growth pattern behind a majority of the world's megacities?
Indian and Chinese cities have experienced enormous urban growth in recent years as these countries continue to industrialize and develop service industries.
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of world cities?
They are financially and politically connected to global markets and drive the process of globalization.
Each year Paris, Milan, and New York City hold fashion weeks showcasing the latest in clothing design. These events provide major clothing designers with the opportunity to finance new brands and to collaborate.
Fashion weeks receive a large amount of news coverage in online, print, and televised media, which influences consumers' preferences and purchasing decisions.
Which of the following geographical processes best explains this impact on consumers?
World cities have market effects on a globalized urban culture.
Seoul is the largest city in South Korea, with a 2018 population of approximately 10 million. Busan is
the second-largest city in South Korea, with a 2018 population of approximately 3.5 million.
Which of the following best describes the impact of this population difference?
Seoul serves as the economic, political, and cultural center of South Korea.
Traffic congestion is a common feature of major Southeast Asian cities. Which of the following is a possible solution that a city or regional government could implement to alleviate traffic congestion and improve the city's urban sustainability?
The government could significantly expand the availability and use of more environmentally friendly mass transit that utilizes renewable resources.
A movement that began in Italy as a reaction to the impact of globalization on the quality of daily urban life promotes
slow-growth cities, which emphasize long-standing cultural traditions
The map shows major highways and the route of the Metrorail Silver Line around Tysons Corner, Virginia, an edge city outside of Washington, D.C. Using the information in the map and the data table, which of the following was the most likely positive result of the opening of the Metrorail Silver Line in 2014 ?
An increase in population and business activity as a result of improved connectivity
SELECTED WASHINGTON, D.C. AREA JURISDICTIONS,
POPULATIONS OF WASHINGTON, D.C. AREA JURISDICTIONS, 1950-2010,
Which of the following phenomena can be explained using the urban data presented in the map and table?
Suburbanization and middle-class flight from the urban core
The construction of makeshift housing in a country within the periphery, as shown in the photograph, is often the result of
an increasing number of industrial jobs available in a city without adequate housing
The growth of squatter settlements within urban areas in Latin America, as shown in the photograph, can be explained by rapid migration to cities and the
lack of enforceable zoning regulations
Which of the following is the most likely reason for cities to invest in remediation and redevelopment of brownfields?
The redevelopment of brownfields enables the reuse of abandoned areas that are often located in urban centers and have existing infrastructure.
Which of the following is the most likely outcome of a citywide sustainable design initiative?
An increase in mixed land-use development, which improves the walkability of neighborhoods
Policies that increase the quantity of housing units next to downtown employment locations in cities such as Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, Canada are designed to reduce these cities'
ecological footprints
Which of the following is a central goal for planning concepts such as New Urbanism?
Creation of walkable cities that are environmentally friendly and contain a diversity of business, entertainment, and residential areas with large areas of green space
Which of the following best explains why geographers would expect two large urban areas in close proximity to one another to have extensive interactions, such as frequent airline flights between the cities?
Gravity model
Christaller's central place theory argues that which of the following patterns will occur?
Cities and towns of similar size will be evenly spaced across a country or region.
Given the level of development of the countries and the population densities of the cities shown in the table, which is the most likely location for low-income migrants to take up residence in these urban areas?
The central business district
CITY CENSUS DATA,
The census data shown would most likely be used by city government officials to analyze which of the following processes?
How public services are allocated to the city's demographic groups
While New Urbanism is seen as a more sustainable pattern for urban growth, which of the following is a negative consequence of New Urbanism?
The increase in mixed-use spaces may reduce the unique historic architecture of the area
EDGE CITY SPECIALIZATION IN THE WASHINGTON, D.C., AREA,
Which of the following urban models best addresses the types of specialization in suburban business districts shown?
Galactic city
In more developed countries, suburban development during the mid-twentieth century focused on moderate single-family homes on small lots. In contrast, in the latter half of the twentieth century, many suburban areas were developed to contain large lots with single-family homes. Which of the following explains the importance of this change in the pattern of development?
Urban sprawl resulted from the expansion of transportation networks dependent on cars.
Comparing the patterns of commercial space and residential space, which of the following examples is the weakest fit for the Burgess concentric zone model?
Urban areas such as the San Francisco Bay area, where there are multiple centers of employment and multiple areas of high-income residences
MODEL OF THE
LATIN AMERICAN CITY,
Compared to the patterns shown in urban models of the United States and Canada, the Latin American city model best explains which of the following patterns?
Income levels and land values increase toward the center of the city and along the spine.
MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY,
Based on the pattern shown in the model, which of the following is the most likely process by which
rural-to-urban migrants in Latin America acquire housing upon arriving in a city?
Rural-to-urban migrants have to construct their own housing out of the available materials and on open land often found on the urban periphery.
Site factors
Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital.
situation
the location of a place relative to other places
Urban Hearths
areas generally associated with river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soils aided the production of an agricultural surplus
Growth of the Suburbs
After World War II, people began
to move away from cities, leading to suburban growth
Causes of this migration included the mass production of automobiles, the growth of the road system, and better living conditions
As African-Americans began to move to northern cities, whites began to move to the suburbs ("white flight")
Suburban developments included Levittown, a planned community which offered inexpensive houses built by Levitt & Sons
Edge City
A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.
Megacities
cities with more than 10 million people
Exurbs
communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high socioeconomic status
Boomburbs
rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city
Global/World cities
Urban settlements that play an especially important role in global business services.
primate cities
A city which is greater than two times the next largest city in a nation (or contains over one-third of a nation's population). The primate city is usually very expressive of the national culture and often the capital city.
Central Place Theory
A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.
threshold
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
range
The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
hinterland
The market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves.
rank-size rule
A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
Gravity Model
A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.
Multiple Nuclei Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.
Concentric Zone Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
bid-rent curve
The concept that the concentric circles in Burgess's concentric zone model are based on the amount people are willing to pay for land in each zone
Southeast Asian City Model
McGee model. Developed by T.G McGee. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found seperate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.
Latin American City Model
Griffin-Ford model. Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The further out, less wealthy it gets. The poorest are on the outer edge.
Public Housing
Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families' incomes.
Infrastructre of CBD
The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
New Urbanism
A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century.
urban data
...
Quantitative Data
research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form
Gentrification
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
Von Thuen Model
A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market.
geometric boundary
Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.
Devolution
the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the central government to the regional governments
relocation diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
Redlining
A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.
Urban sustainability
a city can be organized without reliance on the surrounding countryside and power itself with renewable energy
Blockbusting
A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood
Squatter Settlement
An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.
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