the world economy has a three-tier structure:
-core: where one is most likely to find higher levels of education, higher salaries, more technology, better rights, and generates more wealth in the economy = Western Europe, East Asia, US, Netherlands, Japan (& South Korea)
-semi-periphery: places where core and periphery processes are both occurring (BUFFER) = UAE, Saudi Arabia
-periphery: processes
associated with low levels of education, salaries, technology, and generates less wealth in the economy = South America, Africa, and Central Asia
core exploits the periphery deliberately so that it stays that way
-takes cheap labor, resources, etc.
-kind of like old imperialism
-semi-periphery can exploit periphery too b/c have more power
different regions separate into subnational levels of government (not central)
-occurs when: states
fragment into autonomous regions (Native American Reservations), subnational political-territorial units (Canada, Spain, Belgium), states disintegrate (Eritrea used to be Ethiopia, South Sudan used to be part of Sudan)
-causes: physical geography, ethnic separatism (India and Yugoslavia), ethnic cleansing, terrorism, economic (Italy; North Sea oil and Scotland/UK - locals want resources by GB want for whole country), social problems, irredentism
(1945-1991) Between the U.S. and U.S.S.R.
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD, if we nuked the USSR, they would nuke us, so they never fought directly).
Instead they fought through proxy wars: when someone else fights for you, the Korean war, Vietnam war, Afghanistan. The cold war created shatterbelts in Vietnam, Eastern Europe, Afghanistan, Korea.
Countries had to pick sides: 1st world countries allied with the U.S, 2nd countries
world allied with the USSR, 3rd world were new nations that didn't ally with any side yet.
Truman Doctrine: The US would try to stop the spread of communism around the world, lead to the Vietnam and Korean proxy wars
A process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government. Break up of a state (Balkanization).
ex. Yugoslavia, Nunavut, Native american reservations
Results:
- Formation of new states of governments. Balkans
- More power to regions (government power). Scotland in the UK
- Local ethnonationalism (linguistic/religious revival, Welsh, Gaelic, Belgium).
- Regional separation (Catalonia Spain, Scotland, and Quebec).
- Political Instability (civil war, fighting, ethnic cleansing, genocide).
- Mass migration out when a state fails.