Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her. Emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced.
Emotion
Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in (1) __________with others and (2) _________ __________
communication; behavioral organization
Brain regions that develop early in life that play a role in distress, excitement, and rage include the ________, __________, and ________.
brain stem, hippocampus, and amygdala
Emotions that are present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life; examples are joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.
primary emotions
Primary emotions are presents in humans and other animals; these emotions appear in the first ____ months of the human infants development. (Surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust)
6 months
Emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of "me"; examples include jealousy, empathy, and embarrassment.
Self-conscious emotions
Some experts on emotion call self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride ____-________ emotions because they involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated.
other-conscious emotions
A rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.
Basic cry
A variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords
Anger cry
A sudden appearance of a long, initial loud cry without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding.
pain cry
A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the first month after birth, usually during sleep (1st month).
Reflexive smile
A smile in response to an external stimulus, which early in development is typically a face (2 months)
social smile
An infant's fear and wariness of strangers; it tends to appear during the second half of the first year of life.(first appears at 6 months and by 9 months it is more intense, and at 12 months the most)
stranger anxiety
An infant's distressed crying when the caregiver leaves (initiallys` at 7-8, peaking at 15 months)
separation protest
Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
temperament
Chess and Thomas' Classification of temperament include the _____ child, the _________ child, and the _____________ child.
easy; difficult; and slow-to-warm-up
A child who is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences. (40%)
easy child
A child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
(10%)
Difficult child
A child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood. (15%)
slow-to-warm-up child
Rothbart and Bates' Classification of Temperament include _________/surgency (approach, pleasure, smiling); _____ _______ (fear, frustration, sadness); _________ _______ (self-regulation)
extroversion; negative affectivity; effortful control
Refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope.
Goodness of fit
According to Erik Erikson (68), the first year of life is characterized by the __________________ stage of development.
trust-vs-mistrust
Infants begin to develop a self-understanding called self recognition at about ______ months of age
18
Erickson's second stage of development is the stage of _________ vs_______ and ___.
autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
"Reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.
social referencing
An observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.
Strange Situation
Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
securely attached babies
Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
securely attached babies
Babies who often cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
insecure resistant babies
Babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented.
insecure disorganized babies
Involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.
developmental cascade model
Socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children.
reciprocal socialization
Practice in which parents time interactions so that infants take turns with the parents; these interactions allow infants to be more skillful than they would be if they had to rely only on their own abilities.
scaffolding
A study assessed corrective methods of parent of infants 12-24 months old and showed the main method used was __________ _________, followed by reasoning, ignoring, and negotiating.
diverting attention
____ of parents yell at their infant, _______ slapped their hands or threatened, and _______ had spanked the infant before their 1st bday.
1/3, 1/5, 1/6
________% of fathers do not work outside the home and ____% of those fathers care for their children at home
7%; 24%
In the US, about _____% of children 5 and younger attend more than one child-care arrangment.
15%
A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a/an
temperament.
adaptive response.
trait.
emotion.
emotion.
In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?
.
demonstrating intelligence
communication with others
reciprocal socialization
behavioral organization
communication with others
behavioral organization
In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as ___________emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as _____________ emotions.
positive; negative
Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence an individual's emotions?
cognitive processes
environmental quality
biological foundations
experiences
environmental quality
What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months be UNLIKELY to experience?
disgust
guilt
fear
joy
guilt
A(n) ______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.
basic
pain
emotional
anger
basic
Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through
cognitions.
reactions.
emotions.
instincts.
emotions
Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either
controlled or uncontrolled.
forward or sideways.
positive or negative.
inner or
outer.
positive or negative.
A (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a (reflexive/social) smile does.
reflexive, social
____________are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.
emotions
In which of the following situations is an infant LEAST likely to experience stranger anxiety?
if the infant feels insecure
if the stranger is another child
if the stranger is met in an unfamiliar setting
if the stranger is passive and unsmiling
if the stranger is another child
Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?
4-year-old Sam, who feels
shame
4-month-old Jill, who is giggling
11-year-old Mike, who is angry with his sister
7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed
4-year-old Sam, who feels shame
7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed
The term________ protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.
separation
Which of the following has been linked to adaptive emotion regulation in children?
primary emotions
separation protest
social referencing
maternal sensitivity
maternal sensitivity
In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?
communication with others
behavioral organization
reciprocal socialization
demonstrating intelligence
communication
with others
behavioral organization
______ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.
Mood
Emotional behavior
Temperament
Personality
Temperament
Stranger anxiety in infants tends to be influenced by which of the following?
the child's physiology
the characteristic of the stranger
the social
context
the development of the frontal lobe
the characteristic of the stranger
the social context
Variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions is referred to as
.
personality.
inhibition.
reactivity.
self-regulation.
reactivity.
Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?
slow-to-warm-up
difficult
easy
unstable
slow-to-warm-up
difficult
easy
Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?
irregular daily routines
frequent crying
somewhat
negative affect
low activity level
low intensity of mood
somewhat negative affect
low activity level
low intensity of mood
Another way to describe temperament is in terms of predisposition toward which of the following?
distraction
self-esteem
secure attachment
emotional reactivity
emotional reactivity
Jeremy
is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates
.
self-soothing.
the notion of swaddling.
the concept of goodness of fit.
the slow-to-warm up child.
the concept of goodness of fit.
True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.
True
Reason:
Trust, the development of the sense of self, and progress toward independence are central to personality development during infancy.
Which statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Choose every correct answer.)
Multiple select question.
It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.
It does not include vocalization, touch, or gestures.
It includes
vocalization, touch, and gestures.
It begins at about 6-7 months of age.
It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.
It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.
What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment?
Multiple choice question.
exploratory personality
secure personality
insecurely attached
securely
attached
securely attached
Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to which of the following?
more instances of parents ignoring the behavior
higher levels of parental responsiveness
higher levels of parental sensitivity
higher parental involvement
higher levels of parental responsiveness
higher levels of parental
sensitivity
higher parental involvement
secure ---------> 1.
avoidant -------> 2.
resistant -------> 3.
disorganize ---> 4.
a. inconsistent, unaffectionate
b. unavailable, rejecting, irritable
c. neglectful, abusive
d. sensitive, consistent
1. d
2. b
3. a
4. c
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as _________
personality
Which two of the following has developmental social neuroscience linked to mother-infant attachment?
cortisol
oxytocin
estrogen
dopamine
testosterone
oxytocin
dopamine
______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.
Multiple choice
question.
Face-to-face
Imaginative
Role
Nonverbal
face-to-face
The social system of the family has ______ and ______ effects on the members.
passive; active
direct; indirect
positive; negative
open; closed
direct; indirect
Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?
Piaget
Freud
Bowlby
Erikson
Kagan
Freud
Bowlby
Erikson
Scientists in the field of social neuroscience are MOST LIKELY to study which of the following factors?
maternity leave
the brain
hormones
mother-infant attachment
psychoanalysis
the brain
hormones
mother-infant attachment
A
positive family climate for children and adolescents involves which two of the following?
Multiple select question.
effective parenting
marital satisfaction between parents
beneficial genetics
limited subsystems
effective parenting
marital satisfaction between parents
**In a recent study (Johnson & others, 2019), children reported using _____ when experiencing early life stress, while adolescents used _____ when facing such stress.
less suppression; more disengagement
more drug use and self-harm; less violence and abuse
more engagement coping strategies; more suppression and disengagement
more suppression and disengagement; more engagement coping strategies
more suppression and disengagement; more engagement coping strategies
Ryan is father to an 11-month-old baby boy. He loves spending time with his son when he is home from work. Which of the following activities is he most likely to engage in with his son?
pat-a-cake games
reciprocal socialization
peek-a-boo games
rough-and-tumble play
rough-and-tumble play
Which of the following statements regarding paternal caregiving is true?
Fathers tend to be ostracized when they take their children to
playgrounds.
Paternal interactions usually center on child-care activities, such as feeding, changing diapers, and bathing.
Fathers lack the ability to act as sensitively and responsively as mothers with their infants.
Stay-at-home fathers are rarely satisfied with their marriage.
Fathers tend to be ostracized when they take their children to playgrounds.
Which of the following statements about child care and socioeconomic status is true?
High-quality child care is available only to those children whose parents are wealthy.
Children staying in day care for longer than 40 hours a week tend to experience depression regardless of the quality of care.
Children are more likely to experience poor-quality child care if their parents have few resources.
There is not enough research on child care and socioeconomic status to be able to make any correlations.
Children are more likely to experience poor-quality child care if their parents have few resources.
The results of the study conducted by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 indicate that
child-care quality was linked to attachment security at 36 months of age.
a majority of the child care in the first three years of life was of high quality.
the influence of families and parenting is not
weakened by extensive use of child care.
extensive use of daycare hurts parent-child relationships.
the influence of families and parenting is not weakened by extensive use of child care.
Juan has been showing a marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play. He goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running. Juan is probably
between 6 and 9 months old.
between 18 and 24
months old.
around 6 months old.
between 12 and 18 months old.
between 18 and 24 months old.
The _____ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.
internal working
developmental cascade
external working
Strange Situation
developmental cascade
Nick is 24 months old. His nanny observes that he has better locomotion skills than other children his age. He loves to walk and run around more than other children. Which of the following would most likely be a result of this behavior?
increase in face-to-face play
decreased expectation of positive interaction
coincidental cooperative behavior
increased independent social interchanges
increased independent social interchanges
Austin is in the Strange Situation and shows strong patterns of avoidance and resistance. He also displays extreme fearfulness around the caregiver. He would be classified as being
resistant.
avoidant.
disorganized.
attached.
disorganized.
In the Strange Situation, Quentin cries mildly when his caregiver departs. However, he is happy upon reunion, and then he continues to explore once the caregiver has returned. He would be classified as being
insecure avoidant.
securely attached.
insecure disorganized.
insecure resistant.
securely attached.
Which of the following characterizes phase 1 of Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment?
Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and
begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
Infants start to lose attachment to their primary caregivers.
Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver.
Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
Which term refers to "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?
infinite
generativity
deferred imitation
reciprocal socialization
social referencing
social referencing
During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is most likely to occur?
An infant will begin to attach to one person and can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.
An infant is likely to exhibit smiling or crying in response to strangers, siblings, or parents.
An
infant is securely attached to the mother but is still trying to form an attachment with the father.
An infant will show signs of attachment toward the caregiver and anxiety toward strangers.
An infant is likely to exhibit smiling or crying in response to strangers, siblings, or parents.
According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object
that provides physical comfort.
that provides
oral satisfaction.
that is perceived to be non-foreign.
that provides a sense of trust.
that provides oral satisfaction.
The _____ is a collection of neurons in the forebrain that are involved in pleasure.
corpus callosum
hippocampus
nucleus accumbens
amygdala
nucleus accumbens
Some experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, conclude that _____ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year.
the lack of innate emotions in the infant brain
the lack of reciprocity of emotional expressions
incomplete myelination in the first two months
the structural immaturity of the infant brain
the structural immaturity of the infant brain
In Canada, parents tend to prefer children with a(n) _____ temperament, whereas in China a(n) _____ temperament is more highly valued.
outward-focused; inner-focused
inner-focused; outward-focused
active; inhibited
inhibited; active
active; inhibited
Most _____ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second
year.
negative
unconscious
primary
self-conscious
self-conscious
Which of the following is a primary emotion?
anger
jealousy
shame
pride
anger
Which of the following statements is true regarding separation protest?
It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months.
It peaks at
about 24 months among U.S. infants.
Infants reach a peak of protest at about the same age across cultures.
The percentage of infants who engage in separation protest seldom varies across cultures.
It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months.
According to Jerome Kagan, children with which of the following types of temperament at age 2 to 3 later showed social phobia symptoms at 7 years of age?
extremely uninhibited
intermediate
surgent
inhibited
inhibited
The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to
the gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex.
the pace of myelination in the parietal lobe.
parental history of emotional control.
the growth of the cerebellum in the initial four months after birth.
the gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex.
The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves
stranger anxiety.
fear of heights.
fear of walking.
the separation protest.
the separation protest.