Which of the following observations best supports the hypothesis that a large object collided

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Which of the following observations best supports the hypothesis that a large object collided with Earth in a period of time associated with a mass extinction

A. A species found only in Australia resembles a species found only in North America
B. An analysis of radiation reaching Earth from outer space suggests that water might have existed on distant planets.
C. A fossil of an extinct species of mammal is found to have morphological characteristics that are similar to those of a living nocturnal mammal.
d. Iridium, which is common in meteorites but rare on Earth, is found in sedimentary rock that contains the last appearance of many species in the fossil record.

d. Iridium, which is common in meteorites but rare on Earth, is found in sedimentary rock that contains the last appearance of many species in the fossil record.

Which of the following observations best represents a mutualistic relationship?

A. Some bacteria and fungi obtain their nutrients by enzymatically digesting larger organisms.
B. Chloroplasts in green algae provide sugar for use in cellular metabolism
C. Hermit crabs utilize empty sea snail shells to protect themselves from predators.
D. Flowers produce nectar that beers gather to make honey, and in the process the bees pollinate the flowers

d. flowers produce nectar that beers gather to make honey, and in the process the bees pollinate the flowers

A blue flowered African violet of unknown ancestry self-pollinated and produced 50 seeds. These seeds germinate and growing flowering plants. Of these plants, 36 produce blue flowers and 14 produce pink flowers. What is the best explanation for the pink-flowered offspring?
A. Blue flowers are incompletely dominant to pink flowers.
B. Pink flower color is a treat recessive to blue flower color.
C. Pink flower color is the result of somatic mutations in the flower color gene.
D. A previous generation of the blue flowers parent must have included 50 percent pink flowered plants.

B. Pink flower color is a treat recessive to blue flower color.

Based on the information given, which of the following is a plausible explanation for the ancestry of the tortoise subspecies?
A. The subspecies share a recent common ancestor whose neck length, shell shape, and leg length were intermediate between the two subspecies
B. the tortoises with shorter legs and necks were most easily preyed on as young animals by the rats that were introduced, so they survived only on a few islands.
C. Random mutations coupled with the inheritance of acquired characteristics resulted in distinct subspecies.
D. Individuals with different adaptations in shell shape and leg length best exploited the food resources and left more surviving offspring on each island.

D. Individuals with different adaptations in shell shape and leg length best exploited the food resources and left more surviving offspring on each island.

five is a graph

A. is the answer

6. Based on the data in the table, which of the following best describes the habitat preference of T.atratus when introduced alone inside the meshed enclosure?
A. T.atratus exhibited equal preferences for all four zones.
b. T.atratus exhibited a preference for the zones in or near water
C. T.atratus exhibited a preference for the zones most distant from the water.
D. t. atratus exhibited a preference to remain within the zone in which it was initially introduced.

B.T.atratus exhibited a preference for the zones in or near water

Based on the date in the table, which of the following best predicts the results of a study in which natural populations of T. atratus and T. sirtalis are observed together in an environment that includes a freshwater pond?

A. Neither T. atratus nor T. sirtalis will be observed near the water.
B. T. atratus will be observed near the water whether or not T. sirtalis is present.
C. T sirtalis will be observed near the water whether or not T. atratus is present.
D. T. atratus and T. sirtalis will be observed together near the water.

C. T sirtalis will be observed near the water whether or not T. atratus is present.

Which of the following additions to the experimental design will best help test whether the observed habitat prefrences were the result of competition between species?

A. Placing two individuals from the same population together inside the enclosure
B. Introducing different type of plants into the enclosure together with the snakes.
C. Doubling the number of repetitions for the experimental treatment with T. atratus alone.
D. Repeating the investigation with an enclosure that is twice as long as the original

A. Placing two individuals from the same population together inside the enclosure

The researchers discovered that both species of garter snakes feed almost exclusively on amphibians found in or near the pond. Based on the results of the investigation, which of the following is most likely to occur if the amphibians become a limited source of food?

A. Individuals of T. atratus will no longer prefer to be near the water
B. T. sirtalis will shift its food preference to herbivory.
C. The reproduction rate of T. sirtalis will increase.
D. The population size of T. atratus will decrease.

D. The population size of T. atratus will decrease.

Both species of garter snakes prey on the California newt. Taricha torso, small amphibian that produces a potent neurotoxin (TTX) in its skin. However, neither species of garter snake is affected by TTX. The resistance to TTX is associated with mutations in the SCN4A gene. which of the following best supports a claim that TTX resistance arose independently in T. atratus and T. sirtalis?

A. The stomach contents in fossils of both species include the remains of food items that contains TTX.
B. Both species of snakes possess the SCN4A gene.
C. The two species of snakes have different genetic mutations in the SCN4A gene.
D. T. atratus and T. sirtalis are sister species that share many of the same morphological features.

C. The two species of snakes have different genetic mutations in the SCN4A gene.

Which of the following statements best describes how a growth factor simulates cell division from outside a cell?

A. The growth factor binds to other cells in the same area and holds them together to form a large, multicellular structure.
B. The growth factor binds to receptors on the cell surface, initiating a signal transduction pathway that activates specific target genes.
C. The growth factor binds to sugar molecules in the extracellular fluid and provides them to the cell as a source of energy.
D. The growth factor binds to phospholipids in the plasma membrane, creating a channel through which substances enter the cell.

B. The growth factor binds to receptors on the cell surface, initiating a signal transduction pathway that activates specific target genes

Group IV of the cladogram most likely in which of the following species?
A. P and S only.
B. Q and T only
C. R and w only
D. U and w only

A. P and S only.

Which of the following changes to the environment will most likely lead to more energy entering the meadow communities represented above?
A. increasing the number of nesting sites for hawks and owls.
B. Removing squirrels from the area
C. Increasing the light available to the plants.
D. Applying a chemical pesticide that is specific for spiders

C. Increasing the light available to the plants

Which of the following is an independent variable in the investigation?
A. Year in which the sample was collected.
B. Salinity of the water in Loberg Lake
C. Size of the stickleback population
D. Percent of males with each armor-plate phenotype

A. Year in which the sample was collected.

To evaluate the reliability of the results, it will be best to know which of the following?
a. the surface area of Loberg Lake
B. The number of males in each sample
C. The average daily temperature of Loberg lake
D. The age of the sticklebacks in each sample

B. The number of males in each sample

16 is a graph

D is the answer

Which of the following best explains the changes in the phenotype frequencies of the stickleback population in Loberg Lake?
a. predation in the marine environment is different from predations in Loberg Lake.
B. Marine predators and sticklebacks both colonized Loberg lake.
C. Sticklebacks with the partial armor-plate phenotype have the highest rate of reproduction and survival.
D. The population of sticklebacks in Loberg lake is subject to genetic drift.

a. predation in the marine environment is different from predations in Loberg Lake.

There's no number 18

A. Animal cell has plasma membrane, plant has plasma membrane and cell wall

The result of the experiment can be used as evidence in support of which of the following scientific claims about mitochondrial activity
A. Mitochondria in a cell-free environment are unable to convert thermal energy into ATP.
B. The electron transport chain pumps electrons from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix.
C. ATP production in mitochondria requires a hydrogen ion gradient that favors movement of protons into the mitochondrial matrix.
D. ATP synthase molecules change their orientation in relation to the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane.

C. ATP production in mitochondria requires a hydrogen ion gradient that favors movement of protons into the mitochondrial matrix.

Which of the following best represents two different signaling pathways that share a second messenger?

C

Which of the following best describes the likely mode of inheritance for the eye color gene?
A. the eye color gene is likely autosomal because males and female have similar phenotype ratios.
B. The eye color gene is likely autosomal because more females have sepia eyes than males do.
C. The eye color gene is likely sex-linked because the males and females have similar phenotypes ratios
D. The eye color gene is likely sex-linked because the males and females display both phenotypes.

A. the eye color gene is likely autosomal because males and female have similar phenotype ratios.

Based on the information presented, which of the following best explains the difference in phenotype between Tay-Sachs carriers and homozygous recessive individuals?
A. Tay-Sachs carriers received a vaccination that homozygous recessive individuals did not receive.
B. Tay-Sachs carriers inherited an extra chromosome that homozygous recessive individuals did not inherit.
C.Tay-Sachs carriers have access to a critical nutrient that homozygous recessive individuals did not inherit.
D. Tay-Sachs carrier synthesize an essential enzyme that homozygous recessive individuals cannot synthesize.

D. Tay-Sachs carrier synthesize an essential enzyme that homozygous recessive individuals cannot synthesize.

A researcher claims that Tay-Sachs carriers are protected against the infectious disease tuberculosis (TB). Which of the following observations about the annual incidence of tuberculosis in subpopulation II could best used to support the researcher's claim?
A. The incidence of TB in subpopulation II is roughly equal to the incidence of TB in the general population.
B. The incidence of TB in subpopulation II is greater than the incidence of TB in the general population.
C. The incidence of TB in subpopulation II is lower than the incidence of TB in the general population
D. the incidence of TB in subpopulation II is roughly equal to the incidence of Tay-Sachs disease in the general population.

C. The incidence of TB in subpopulation II is lower than the incidence of TB in the general population

Which of the following is an ethical question about Tay-Sachs disease that cannot be answered using scientific methods?
A. Would a difference in the HEXA alleles in population I and II affect the severity of the neurological symptoms?
B. Should genetic testing be required before individuals in subpopulation III are advised to not have children?
C. Could the frequency of Tay-Sachs carriers subpopulation I be a consequence of a genetic bottleneck?
D. Should a statistical test be used to evaluate whether the general population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

B. Should genetic testing be required before individuals in subpopulation III are advised to not have children?

Which of the following pedigrees most accurately represent a family with a history of Tay-Sachs disorder?

Answer is B

Which of the following processes is most likely to occur as a result of an animal cell receiving the signal to initiate apoptosis?

C. Lysosomes will release digestive enzymes into the blood

Based on the information presented which of the following described the most likely role of ADH in maintaining blood osmolarity?
A. ADH promotes an increase in the movement of sodium in the bloodstream.
B. ADH promotes an increase in the movement of water into the bloodstream.
C. ADH promotes an increase in the excretion of water from the body.
D. ADH promotes an increase in the secretion of additional ADH from the pituitary gland.

B. ADH promotes an increase in the movement of water into the bloodstream

Which of the following best describes the effect of a drug that blocks the production of the mitotic cyclin?

D. The cell would be prevented from entering mitosis and the cell would stop dividing.

Which diagram best represents the scenario in which lactose is available to the cell and glucose is absent?

Answer is C

Based on the data in Figure 1, the concentration of iron in the control diet used in the investigation is most likely within which of the following ranges?
A. 20-25 mg/kg
B. 35-40 mg/kg
C. 70-75 mg/kg
D. 100-125 mg/kg

B. 35-40 mg/kg

Which of the following conclusions about dietary iron and ferritin synthesis is best supported by the data in Figure 1?
A. A dietary iron concentration of 25 mg/kg has no effect on ferritin gene expression compares with the control diet.
B. At a dietary iron concentration of 50 mg/kg rats make twice as much ferritin as rats fed the control diet do.
C. Maximum activation of ferritin synthesis occurs at dietary iron concentration of 75 mg/kg or greater.
D. The maximum rate of ferritin absorption from the gut occurs at dietary iron concentrations of 75 mg/kg.

C. C. Maximum activation of ferritin synthesis occurs at dietary iron concentration of 75 mg/kg or greater.

Based on the model of ferritin synthesis presented in Figure 2, which of the following best describes the mechanism whereby iron most likely regulates ferritin production?

C. Translation occurs under high intracellular iron concentration when the IRP- iron complex dissociates from ferritin mRNA, permitting ribosomes access to the ferritin coding region.

Based on the model of ferritin synthesis presented in Figure 2, which of the following describes the role of feedback on the control of intracellular iron levels?

D. An increase in iron levels activates synthesis of ferritin proteins. Ferritin in turn binds iron, thereby decreasing both free levels and ferritin synthesis.

Acontines controlled similar to ferritan?

Answer is B( Acotinas protein increase)

By which of the following mechanisms does infection by a retrovirus such as HTLV-1 most likely cause long-lasting genetic change to host cells?
A. The host-cell ribosomes translate the viral RNA genomes that enter the cell upon initial viral infection.
B. The viral RNA polymerase that transcribes host genes has a higher error rate.
C. The RNA viral genome is reverse transcribed into DNA that integrates into the host genome.
D. The RNA viral genome integrates into the host genome.

C. The RNA viral genome is reverse transcribed into DNA that integrates into the host genome.

Which of the following best describe the role of mitosis in the cell cycle?
A. Distributing replicated chromosomes to daughter nuclei.
B. Dividing the cytoplasm to form four gametes.
C. Providing organelles and replicating chromosomes.
D. Exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

A. Distributing replicated chromosomes to daughter nuclei.

Which of the following scientific questions would best test the hypothesis?
A. Is it possible to produce an RNA polymer at a laboratory setting?
B. How many distinct functions can a particular RNA molecule perform in a cell?
C. How many different monomers of RNA can be found in s eukaryotic cells?
D. Do any know organisms function entirely without RNA?

D. Do any know organisms function entirely without RNA?

Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support the researcher's?
A. Grunion spawning occurs every two weeks during the spawning season.
B. Grunion spawning occurs when nighttime illumination level are the lowest.
C. High tide occurs one time per lunar cycle.
D. The light intensity of the moon varies within the lunar cycle.

A. Grunion spawning occurs every two weeks during the spawning season.

Which of the following correctly labels the cell depicted in the diagram?

C. Cell X: Macrophages, Cell Y: Helper T, Cell Z: B cell

Which of the following is most likely is most likely effect on calcium homeostasis?
A. Calcitonin levels will decline, thus stimulating the release of PTH.
B. Calcitonin levels will rise, thus promoting the deposit of calcium into bones.
C. PTH levels will decline, thus stimulating the loss of calcium from bones.
D. PTH levels will increase, thus preventing the release of calcitonin.

B. Calcitonin levels will rise, thus promoting the deposit of calcium into bones.

Which the following best explains how treatment with a drug that stimulates the production insulin receptor on target cells will affect the insulin signaling pathway in an individual with type 1 diabetes?
A. The drug will have little or no effect on the signaling pathway because the receptors will not be activated in the absence of insulin.
B. The drug will have little or no effect on the signaling pathway because insulin receptors will not be allowed to enter the cell.
C. The drug will restore the function of the signaling pathway because insulin levels will return to normal.
D. The drug will restore the function of this signaling pathway because nonpancreatic cells will begin to produce insulin receptors.

A. The drug will have little or no effect on the signaling pathway because the receptors will not be activated in the absence of insulin.

Which of the following best explains how small molecules move between the adjacent cells in a plant shoot?
A. The molecules are actively transported by motor proteins along the cytoskeleton.
B. The molecules pass freely through the plasmodesmata which are cytoplasmatic strands connecting two cells.
C. The molecules are swept along in the extracellular fluid by cilia projecting from cell membranes.
D. The molecules bind reversibly to receptors on the cell membranes of xylem.

B. The molecules pass freely through the plasmodesmata which are cytoplasmatic strands connecting two cells.

Which of the following is most likely to create genetic variation in a population?
A. RNA polymerase errors during transcription.
B. Helicase failure to unwind DNA during DNA replication.
C. DNA polymerase errors during replication.
D. Misincorporation of amino acids by tRNA during translation.

C. DNA polymerase errors during replication.

Which of the following scientific claims about the survival strategies used by organisms in a coral reef ecosystem is best supported by the data presented in Figure 1?
A. Smaller members of the vulnerable population are more likely to act collectively.
B. Smaller members of a vulnerable population are more likely to rely on the defensive coloration.
C. Large members of a vulnerable population are more likely to exhibit aggression.
D. Larger members of a vulnerable population or more likely to behave altruistically.

A. Smaller members of the vulnerable population are more likely to act collectively.

Based on the data presented in figure 2 which of the following behavioral patterns to raise in a coral reef ecosystem typically exhibit 3 hours before high tide?
A. Group learning.
B. Mate selection.
C. Solitary foraging.
D. Social interaction.

C. Solitary foraging.

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Which of the following best explains the changes in the phenotype frequencies of the stickleback population?

Which of the following is most likely to occur if the amphibians become a limited source of food?

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