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Terms in this set (381)
most processes through which a person becomes integrated into a community involve the _ system
societal
Giovanni sustained a serious injury to his brain and spinal cord during a hockey game. Who among the following specialists should his parents seek for consultation
a central nervous system specialist
Dale is 12 yrs old and is being raised by a single mother who recently lost her job. Dale and his mom are now homeless and experiencing poverty for the first time. Chip is 6 yrs old. He is being raised by an unemployed single father. Chip and his father have been living in poverty since Chip's birth. According to research on poverty, which is more at risk for negative consequences pertaining to health. cognitive development, and school achievement?
Chip only
The life span approach strives to identify
patterns of transition and transformation from one period of life to another
Which of these is an example of a change factor for the societal system?
technological change
Which scenario best illustrates how the environment influences the biological system?
An infant is exposed to many illnesses while attending infant day care
Which descriptor most accurately reflects the psychosocial approach?
Internal experiences are products of interaction of biological, psychological, and societal systems
Michael believes that he can influence his personal development by making certain choices and being motivated to succeed. Michael's belief's best illustrates which of the following assumptions of Newman and Newman text?
People contribute actively to their development
Manuel speaks six languages and has a very good memory. Which of the following systems can he thank for this?
Psychological
According to the text, on what is development based?
The interaction of the social, psychological, and biological systems
In the U.S., 16 year olds expect to obtain a driver's license. What concept is best illustrated here?
age-graded societal expectations
Why is it so important to interpret events in context?
People are affected by their surroundings
According to the textbook, active contribution to one's life can be expressed in numerous ways. The text suggests that the most influential among these is:
development of a societal network
Yolanda was born in 2015. Which of the following is most closely represents her life expectancy?
90 years
Which of the following LEAST describes the biological system?
Processes central to making sense of experiences
The concept of identity, the meaning we give ourselves and our sense of purpose, connects us to others. This concept best illustrates the link between psychological and _ systems
societal
Candace has a 7 year old son, and she would never leave him home alone. But in another country, it is common for 7 year old boys to have a job and work. This is an example of
age-graded expectations
the most critical way in which a person can contribute to his or her development is through
creating significant social relationships
Changes in the biological system are most likely to cause changes in the
psychological and societal systems
Which of the following best describes the difference between cognitive behaviorism and the other theories of learning?
Cognitive behaviorists study internal mental activities that influence behavior
The assumption of any theory may or may not be correct. In other words, assumptions
may be influenced by cultural context of theorist
The Dillard family adopted a new child, requiring the older children to take on new responsibilities for childcare and household tasks. Mrs. Dillard changed her work hours, and Mr. Dillard gave up his nighttime job so he could be with the baby in the evenings. From a family systems perspective, these changes are an example of
adaptive self-organization
Harvinder and Jasmine just had their first baby, Nina. According to psychoanalytic theory, what are the psychosexual stages through which Nina will develop?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
In terms of psychoanalytic theory, which of the following statements about defense mechanisms is most accurate?
The basic function of defense mechanisms is to protect the person from being overwhelmed by painful thoughts and feelings such as anxiety and guilt
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the term "worldview"?
way of making meaning of relationships, situations, and objects encountered in daily life
Sudha has been driving to school using the same route for two years. Although she has never had time to stop at the Coffee Corner, she knows where it is and how to direct a friend there. This is an example of which of the following concepts?
cognitive map
Which of the following statements reflects an important contribution made by the psychoanalytic theory to the study of human development?
The role of childhood experiences can be used to explain adult behavior
In order to adapt to changes in the environment, systems require which of the following?
feedback mechanisms
Cognitive developmental theory focuses specifically on how
knowing emerges and is transformed into logical, systematic, capacities for reasoning
Vygotsky argued that complex mental operations exist first in the social world and are then internalized. He described this as a movement from the _ to the _
intermental; intramental
Which of the following psychosexual
terms is most closely related to the
processes of cognition?
ego functions
Involvement in personal relationships and social groups contributes to the
formation of
social identity
Social learning theory emphasizes the process of learning new behaviors by
observing and imitating the behavior of others
What guiding premises underlie the logic of a theory?
its assumptions
When did Yang's preoperational thought stage occur?
When, as a child, he learned a language
Which
of the following is considered the
focus of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
The influence of sexual and aggressive drives to motivate behavior
Gilda's professor has asked her to
describe a cognitive map. Which of the
following would be the most appropriate
response?
An internal representation of the learning environment
Which of the following psychosocial theory concepts is most similar to Vygotsky's zone of proximal development?
Radius of significant relationships
A theory of human development is
expected to provide explanations for which of the following?
How people change and grow over the life span
Eco maps are helpful for viewing the family from a systems perspective. T/F
true
Eco maps and genograms document all the same information, but they just have different names. T/F
false
What is documented in a Eco Map?
relationships to systems outside the family
what is an example of an informal helper to family?
a friend or neighbor that isn't related to the family, but helps by watching the children occasionally
it is okay to use generic names of a system when documenting where a family member works. T/F
false
The epigenetic principle refers to
A biological plan for growth
Developmental tasks can be viewed as
competencies that lead to mastery of the environment.
Which of the following statements best
describes the pattern of change in the
radius of significant relationships from
infancy through adolescence?
The range and variety of significant relationships expand.
Which of the following statements best
describes the central process, an
organizing concept of psychosocial theory?
The central process helps to resolve the psychosocial crisis.
Ezekiel was preparing for his marriage at the age of 13. His upcoming marriage is typical of his peers in Iran. This example
best illustrates which of the following influences of developmental
tasks?
Cultural values
Dick has shown throughout his life that
he is more likely than most of his friends
to exhibit positive outcomes in the face
of serious threats to his development.
Which of the following is TRUE of Dick?
He is more resilient than most of his friends.
Brenda and all of the other 11 women
in
her bridge club are in their 80s. Which of
the following core pathologies is MOST related to her and her fellow bridge
players?
Diffidence
Carrie is a 2-year-old who is starting to
learn how to control her actions and
implement her will upon the world
around her. Which psychosocial crisis is
Carrie experiencing?
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
What role does imitation play in resolving psychosocial crises?
imitation is the
central process for psychosocial growth during toddlerhood. Central process is the way in which psychosocial crisis is resolved.
Which of the following is the best definition of developmental tasks?
Skills and competencies that contribute to increased mastery.
As Jamison develops new ego qualities,
which of the following will he
reformulate to adapt to them?
His worldview
Why is Erik Erikson typically associated
with psychosocial theory?
Because he identified and developed the theory
According to the epigenetic principle, the succession of psychosocial crises
occurs in a predictable sequence over the life course.
Explain how the psychosocial theory
takes into consideration the active contribution of culture to individual
growth.
The psychosocial theory takes into
consideration how the integration of
person and culture produces
distinctive personal
experiences for individuals in various cultures.
Which of the following statements is
most accurate with regard to a psychosocial crisis?
Most people resolve the crisis positively along with some negative experience.
When an individual engages in a central
process, the result is
a reworking of an individual's psychological system.
In order for Jennifer to successfully cope
with the loss of her job, she must begin with reconciling her situation.
false
Development tasks contribute to
increased mastery over our
environment.
true
Imitation is the central process for
psychosocial growth during
adolescence.
false
Which of the following would Erik
Erikson be LEAST likely to argue?
Once a developmental stage of psychosocial theory is passed, there is no way to review or reinterpret events from that stage.
the first day of school is an example of toxic stress
false
Javier has always known exactly who he is and what is important to him. This shows that Javier has a strong
continuity
In the context of human development, to
what does the term plasticity refer?
An adaptive re-organization during the life span
Which social change is brought about
by
longer life expectancies?
Delayed marriage and reproduction
Jeanne's great grandmother was born at the turn of the 20th century. Jeanne was
born at the turn of the 21st century.
Which of the following is TRUE of their
life expectancies?
Jeanne had a longer life expectancy than her great grandmother.
How is the study of life span development related to an understanding of life expectancy?
Life expectancy provides a framework for timing about stages and periods of
life.
Poverty is primarily considered an element of _ the system.
societal
As a child, Jordan had an accident that has left him with brain damage. As a result, he can't read or write and has trouble with his memory. Which system of development has been most disrupted?
biological
Retirement, dating in old age, and second or third careers are all part of a complex
network of policies and practices that are
being called into question. Which factor is the biggest influence in this shift?
life experiences
Rose is torn between her memories of
how close her family used to be and how her son's divorce has made her family less close. This disparity is a reflection of Rose's _ system.
psychological
Which factor is most likely to contribute
to families living in poverty?
An increase in single-mother households
What
is one aspect of social integration that has been linked to improved health
and longevity?
Being in a committed relationship
Which of the following is most likely to
result from a negative resolution to a
normative crisis?
Rigidity
Cultural theory provides insight into
learned systems of meanings and patterns of behavior shared by a group of people.
Whereas theories of cognitive development emphasize thinking and reasoning, theories of learning tend to focus on which of the following?
Relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from
experience
Pamela strives to achieve a balance of
organized structures that
provides
effective ways of interacting with her environment. This is known as
Equilibrium
Which of the following is considered the
focus of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
The influence of sexual and aggressive drives to motivate behavior
Evolutionary psychology includes the study of
the origins of social behavior.
Which of the following terms best
describes a worldview in which social
behavior is guided by personal goals, ambitions, and pleasures?
Individualism
Which statement BEST describes the laws
of natural selection?
Over generations, species gradually change in response to changing environmental conditions.
Kendra has been breastfed. The first time
she gets a bottle of apple juice, she uses
the same sucking motion she has been accustomed to using during
breastfeeding. Juice floods out of the
nipple of the bottle. This is an example of
assimilation
_ is a worldview in which social
behavior is guided largely by personal goals and
ambitions.
individualism
Which of the following statements is
considered a characteristic of a "good"
formal theory?
It is logical and internally consistent.
According to Freud, many explanations
for Blanca's seemingly natural behavior can be found by analyzing her conflicting sexual and aggressive needs, fears, and
wishes that are housed in her
unconscious
Freda has always given great importance to the passage of time over her life, even taking time to often reflect on it. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, which of the following refers to this passage of time?
chronosystem
Husband and wife, teacher and student,
and
therapist and client are all examples of
reciprocal roles
Involvement in personal relationships and social groups contributes to the
formation of
social identity
Dylan wants to drop out of high school and go to New York to be a musician. Her parents, friends, and high school teachers encourage her to graduate from high school
prior to moving to New York. This encouragement is an example of what organizing principle of
psychosocial theory?
Radius of significant others
Which of the following exemplifies a persistent subcultural force that shapes the daily lives of children and adults?
ethnic groups
Jennie is struggling with whether to give
in to
peer pressure in order to fit in or whether to be herself, but not have many friends. This is an example of which psychosocial crisis?
Group identity versus alienation
Robin has moved to a new town during her sophomore year in high school. In order to find a new group of friends, she joins the staff of the school paper and tries out for the girls' swim team. These efforts are examples of which of the following?
Coping behavior
Which of the following statements about
the psychosocial crisis is most accurate?
The psychosocial crisis is expressed as polarities with positive and negative ends on a continuum.
Why did the authors of the text alter the
life stages in Erikson's original theory?
to expand upon them
Core pathologies
protect the person from unwanted interaction with the societal system.
Which of the following is most influential
in the demands for growth based on developmental tasks?
cultural values
The emphasis on the interplay between
individual
development and society is considered a
strength of psychosocial theory
Arnold is in middle childhood. He is most
likely dealing with which psychosocial crisis?
Industry versus inferiority
Jamie is better able to cope with challenges than is her twin sister. Which of the following is TRUE of these twins?
Jamie is more resilient than her
sister.
In Erikson's original model, life stages
were given names but no ages because
Erikson wanted to
emphasize an individual developmental timetable as unique, guided by biological maturation and cultural expectations.
Which of the following is TRUE of the
stage theory concept?
It proposes a specific direction of development.
Core pathologies can lead to a paralysis
of action and thought that prevents productivity.
true
_ develop from the positive
resolution of the psychosocial crisis, and _ develop from the negative resolution of the psychosocial crisis.
Prime adaptive ego qualities; core pathologies
Lou was uncomfortable when he arrived
at summer camp, so he began to walk around and learn where the activities were held. He next observed the boys in his age group playing a game of ball. According to psychosocial theory, Lou was
appraising the situation as a coping behavior.
The psychosocial crisis serves as a
mechanism for
development by
highlighting the tension and conflict between positive and negative poles.
John works with adults recently released from prison to help them find work and housing. He is _ engaged in practice work.
micro
What are possible actions that might be taken when a client requests services from an agency? What reason might these actions be taken?
Possible actions include the agency obtains sanctions and working agreements/contracts, they identify and study a problem, they establish goals for change, and they influence major targets for change. These actions are taken so the client will best benefit from the services.
What is the purpose of an ecomap? How is it helpful for both the social worker and the
client?
The ecomap is an interviewing and assessment tool that places an individual ora family within a social context. It helps the clients and social worker understand how a family functions in their environment. Also, it shows how individuals in the family are connected to external systems. It is helpful for both the social worker and the client because it can assist in developing a trusting relationship, facilitate the sharing of information, and shorten the case record for the social worker.
Input (1)
is the energy going into a system. An example of this would be a request for
services by a client.
Processing (2)
is a system utilizing the input received. An example would be service planning and organization.
Output (3)
is
the product or outcome that the system produces. An example would be
service action.
Feedback (4)
is the information about the system's performance. It can be positive or negative. An example would be survey responses.
Vygotsky theorized that language is a barrier between generations.
false
Differentiate between social learning theory and cognitive behaviorism
Social learning theory gives emphasis on imitation being a key part of learning a new behavior.
Cognitive behaviorism states that in order to understand why people behave as they do in a specific situation, one needs to understand the meaning they give to the situation.
Thus, in social learning, a person can imitate another person's behavior immediately. In cognitive
behaviorism, the person has to attach meaning to the behavior in order to enact on the behavior.
Kimberly just began a new job. In her work, she will focus on the unique adaptive behaviors of specific species, such as mating, caregiving, play, and strategies for obtaining resources. In which of the following fields is Kimberly working?
Ethology
Species produce just enough offspring to survive and reproduce.
false
Discuss the questions that must be answered in the evaluation of a theory.
What phenomena is the theory trying to explain?
What assumptions does the theory make?
What does the theory predict?
Evolutionary theory places the study of individual development in the context of
individual development in the context of the history of the species.
Which of the following is considered one of Piaget's contributions to understanding infant cognition?
Infants establish logical connections
Jonathan is in early adulthood. He and his wife are expecting their first child, and Jonathan is learning what it is like to be a father Jonathan's exploration of child-rearing is an example of a(n)
developmental task
Which of the following statements best describes the concept of stages?
All individuals follow the same basic stage sequence
Which of the following statements is considered a weakness of psychosocial
theory?
The process of moving from one stage to another needs more development
Psychosocial crises arise because
of a discrepancy between a person's competence and societal expectations.
Explain how the psychosocial theory takes into consideration the active contribution of culture to individual growth
"cultures have implicit theories about the stages of life, the expectations for behavior as one matures, and the nature of one's obligations to the older and younger members of the culture group." The psychosocial theory takes this into account and demonstrates the importance of culture in development
Which of the following statements reflects a psychosocial stage approach to development?
Each stage brings a unique set of problems to solve
Coping is an important concept in psychosocial theory because
it always involves gathering new information that changes the biological
system
explain the significance of ethnic groups in contents of develops
Ethnic groups are important subcultures in the shaping and development of individuals. Ethnic groups allow individuals to experience culture and learn from it
Give at least 3 examples of situations considered ACES.
Physical abuse from a parent, parent who has a mental illness, and emotional neglect from a parent.
the death of a family member is considered _ stress
negated
Explain the importance of the ACEs study and information to your future social work career.
The study provided a model for data collection and demonstrated the value of the data. It allows social workers to see the signs of ACEs and also provides preventions to help clients become resilient to ACES.
Explain what it means to say that there is an evolution" to psychosocial theory.
Psychosocial evolution "refers to the human abilities that allow us to gather knowledge from our ancestors and transmit it to our descendants. the transmission of individuals who are capable of creating knowledge, symbolizing it, adapting it, and transferring it to others." Psychosocial theory demonstrates this concept in its six basic concepts of development
The Jones family consists of the mother (Jane), father, (Jack), son (Ethan), and daughter (Bella). The grandmother (Lila) lives in the home as well. Viewing this family as a system, give an example of at least 2 subsystems and 1 component of each subsystem.
One subsystem would be the marriage of Jane and Jack and a component of them would be their children. A second subsystem would be Lila and Jane and a component of them would be Jane's children.
According to Walter Mischel's six types of cognitive affective factors that influence behavior, which of the following best describes self-regulatory plans?
Strategies to achieve one's goals
What is the focus of evolutionary theory? What is its relevance for the study of human development? Give two examples of behaviors that take on new meaning when considered from an evolutionary perspective
Evolutionary theory "focuses on how diverse and increasingly complex life forms come to exist." It emphasizes the role of natural selection and adaptation. Its relevance for the study of human development is shown by its three phases of the life span. Two behaviors that take on new meaning when considered from an evolutionary perspective would include reproductive strategies and learning as an adaptive behavior.
The application of systems theory to families has focused primarily on
how families establish boundaries and rules
Describe what a theory is in your own words.
A theory is a context of ideas that contribute to the overall knowledge of a particular subject. Theories help explain why things happen and the reason for different things in life.
How do environmental and social contexts affect individual development?
Environmental and social contexts are apart of individual development. The person's environment will shape and determine how a person develops. For example, if a person grows up homeless, they will be less likely to developing positively as opposed to a child whose parents are middle-class. Societal contexts include the community and society around the person.
Communities influence what is expected of its members, what resources it members will have, the roles and norms for its members, the activities they can be apart of, and the risks that its members will face. An individual needs social contexts to develop properly.
Bronfenbrenner argues that development is influenced by interactions that take place within the
Microsystem
What role does imitation play in resolving psychosocial crises?
imitation is the central process for psychosocial growth during toddlerhood. Central process is how psychosocial crises are resolved. Therefore, if a toddler is not able to perform imitation, they may not resolve the psychosocial crises positively
Dr. Know and Dr. Shore are discussing the merits of psychosocial theory while drinking lattés. Dr. Know asserts that the basic concepts of psychosocial theory are not well developed or defined Dr Shore concurs and feels that the theory is further hampered because its concepts are based on its European American male context As a student of human development, how would you characterize these comments?
Both comments are accurate portrayals of the weaknesses associated with the theory
Which of the following statements is considered a strength of Erikson's theory of psychosocial stages?
Presentation of stages makes each stage look similar in length of time to complete
Describe the three features of psychosocial theory that provide a rationale for its use as the framework for the text
the theory "address growth across the life span.. assumes that individuals have the capacity to contribute to their own psychological development act each stage of life.takes into consideration the active contribution of culture to individual growth."
Define the concept of psychosocial crisis. Give an example Explain how the crisis contributes to psychosocial growth
It is a state of tension that results from the discrepancies between the person's competences at the beginning of a stage and the society's expectations. An example would be when an infant is experiencing trust or mistrust of a caregiver. These crises are normal and needed for development.
When a caregiver and baby engage in reciprocal vocalizations and gesturing, this is known as:
serve and return interaction.
Which of the following statements is considered a strength of Erikson's theory of
psychosocial stages?
Stages incorporate biological and societal influences
What is an umbrella agency? Give an example.
is a very large, organized group of agencies.
The United States Department of Health and Human Services would be an example
How does the case of Rose illustrate the relationships among the biological psychological and societal systems?
Her case provides examples of how the biological, psychological, and societal systems are key components in development across the lifespan.
Select three theories and explain how each one accounts for stability and change over the life span
The psychoanalytic theory provided importance placed on childhood experiences for shaping adult thoughts and behavior. It also provided various stages of development that account for stability and change over the life span.
Piaget's theory also provided stages of development and highlighted equilibrium and adaptation as key components. Thus, it essential accounts for stability and changes over the life span.
The social learning theory demonstrates how observation imitation plays a vital role in the adaptation of behaviors. This accounts for stability and changes over the life span.
What is the function of a theory?
To describe unobservable processes and relate them to observable events
According to psychosexual theory, what are the three basic structures of personality? Give the term for each and a definition
The id, which includes instincts impulses, is the primary source of psychic energy and exists from birth. It is the pleasure principle.
The ego is the idea of a person's self and refers to all mental functions that have to do with the person's relation to the environment.
The superego includes both a punishing and rewarding function. It includes ideas about which behaviors and thoughts are improper and includes ideas about what behaviors and thoughts are admirable.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a factor in a person's coping strategy?
The hidden meaning of the stressor; or range of resources
Explain radius of significant relationships and how it influences development.
Give at least one example.
The radius of significant relationships is how age-related demands on individuals are communicated. The network of relationships plays a major role at every stage of life, impacting cognitive and emotional development, self-understanding, family and career roles, and physical health. An example would be parents, caregivers, and children during infancy.
Which of the following should Trevor do if he wants to utilize problem-focused coping?
He should control his emotions associated with a particular stressor
Joel just graduated from college and is about to start his first job as a family life educator. He has planned to ask his college sweetheart to marry him after about 3 months in his new job. When Joel came home last weekend, he learned that his parents are divorcing, partially in order to dedicate more time to their careers.
According to psychosocial theory a combination of Joel's needs for development and the unexpected divorce of his parents may lead to
Joel needing to revisit and reinterpret earlier psychosocial stages
Anna
started dating Chris soon after breaking up with Hayden She wants to continue to explore intimate relationships and doesn't like being alone. Anna strives to be with others and has acquired new skills and coping that can be
classified as
the central process of coping
Nia works at a community mental health center. She is the group leader for the outpatient program. She is engaged in _ work.
mezzo
Micah goes to a high school where the majority of students are immigrants from Russia, China, Bangladesh, and Korea. This diverse environment will benefit Micah by encouraging her to
adapt
Psychosocial evolution refers to
ways in which knowledge can alter or transform behavior and override genetically guided patterns.
according to social role theory, _ involves meeting perceived role expectations or balancing competency role demands
role strain
Which of the following is considered a similarity between psychoanalytic theory and psychosocial theory?
description of the functions of the ego system
Which of the following criticisms of psychosocial theory relates to the stages of development?
The period of adult life is not adequately differentiated
Which example is LEAST illustrative of the relationship between psychosocial theory and psychosocial evolution?
your biological evolution
Unpredictable life stresses, such as divorce and death, may contribute to the
re-working of earlier life stages.
The application of systems theory to families has focused primarily
how families determine their culture
human service systems
private, public, and voluntary
What does it mean to say that the concept of
life-span development implies plasticity?
Plasticity is the capacity for adaptive
reorganization at the psychological,
neurological, and behavioral levels. Life span development requires an individual to have plasticity in order to take in new capacities, roles, and challenges at each period of life.
Which statement about longevity is false?
Longevity is primarily influenced by psychological factors.
The influence of culture in one's lifespan is
considered to be a component of which of
the following systems?
societal
Psychological change is partly guided by genetic information.
true
Likely advances in _ and treatment coupled with
_ can lead to higher standards of living in later life.
medical technology; improved support services
Which group has the shortest life expectancy?
African American males
It is likely that people will be healthier in older age rather than live much longer than current life expectancy.
true
Ruth Hamilton believed having many students of different levels in one classroom was good for children. This supports the idea that individuals
are influenced by society
Which of the following is TRUE of the biological system?
It is guided by genetics
Which of the following is TRUE of individuals' lives, as they progress through time?
They show both continuity and change
What term refers to the number of years of life, based on the average length of life for a given population?
Life expectancy
Which of the following is most likely to bring about change in the societal system?
Entry into new roles
Bianca receives, processes, and transmits all
sensory information through which components of her biological system?
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Michael's breathing, blood circulation, and
reflexes are all considered elements of which
of the following systems?
Biological
Which factor is most influential in a society's life expectancy?
Education
Which statement best describes the biological system?
All of the processes necessary for the physiological functions of an organism
The biological system is a _ system.
multilevel and dynamic
Which of the following is most likely to bring
about change in the biological system?
use of drugs
According to projections, life expectancy has
been increasing for both men and women.
true
Jo Ellen's divorce was final yesterday afternoon. Based on research, she and her two children can expect which of the following in terms of their financial well being?
A decrease in household income
Which of the following is most likely to bring
about change in the psychological system?
Education
The Moore family's elderly
grandmother hosts an annual family celebration at the
family farm every spring. Which system
does this ritual best illustrate?
Societal
Which assumption is fundamental to understanding how significant social relationships influence development?
People contribute actively to their development.
Which of the following is TRUE of life expectancy?
It is a useful "bellwether" of societal progress.
The development from one period of life to the next is an individual process.
true
A theory of human development is expected to provide explanations for which of the following?
How people change and grow over the life span
According to psychoanalytic theory, middle
aged Valerie has two instinctual drives that contribute to her personality development. What are these two instinctual drives?
Sexuality and aggression
The comparative study of unique adaptive behaviors survival of the species is called ethology. This type of study helps clarify _ to the long-term survival of species
the contributions of each generation
Which statement best describes systems theory?
Family members are interdependent in which each member can influence the
others.
Which of the following statements best
describes a link between cultural theory and psychosocial theory?
An individual's culture contributes fundamentally to development.
The assumptions of any theory may or may not be correct. In other words, assumptions
may be influenced by the cultural context of the theorist.
Which of the following psychosocial theory concepts is most similar to Vygotsky's zone
of proximal development?
Radius of significant relationships
Gilda's professor has asked her to describe a cognitive map. Which of the following would be the most appropriate response?
An internal representation of the learning environment
In contrast to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Vygotsky placed greater emphasis on
social context
Which of the following statements is considered an implication for human development based on Vygotsky's theory?
Social interaction and culture shape an individual's cognitive development.
Vicarious reinforcement can best be described as learning
by observing what happens to someone else who is either rewarded or punished for their actions
According to psychoanalytic theory, which structure houses Jonathan's moral and ethical principles?
Superego
Through which of Alice's ages would psychosocial theory focus?
Her entire life
Which of the following best describes the
difference between cognitive behaviorism
and the other theories of learning?
Cognitive behaviorists study internal mental activities that influence behavior.
Which of the following is considered the
focus of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
The influence of sexual and aggressive drives to motivate behavior
Evolutionary psychology includes the study of
the origins of social behavior.
Daniela is capable of organizing and making meaning of her experiences. Which of the following allows her to do so?
Cognition
According to Freud, many explanations for
Blanca's seemingly natural behavior can be found by analyzing her conflicting sexual and aggressive needs, fears, and wishes that are housed
in her
unconscious.
Which of the following statements best describes how theories help explain observations?
They identify orderly relationships.
Which of the following statements is considered a major implication of evolutionary theory related to the study of human development?
Factors that influence reproductive success of a group have implications for the survival of the species.
Accommodation is referred to as the
tendency to modify schemes to account for new attributes revealed through experience.
Which of the following is TRUE of social cognition?
It is a facet of social learning theory that emphasizes a cognitive orientation.
Helena is 6 months old. At what stage in
Piaget's cognitive developmental theory is
she in?
Sensorimotor thought
Daryl is a human being. From an
evolutionary perspective, he depends on the capacity of all of the species' individual members to survive, mate, reproduce, and
rear their offspring
Among Yolanda and her peers there is a set of behaviors that they have collectively agreed upon which function as an accepted code of norms. Which of the following terms BEST encapsulates this?
agency (?)
According to a systems theory, a system that maintains its organization, even though the parts constantly change, is considered
open (?)
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive
development, which of the following statements is most accurate?
Young children and adults approach problems using the same basic principles of logic and reasoning. (?)
Which of the following best describes the
range of applicability of psychosocial theory?
Patterns of psychological and social change and growth over the life course
Unpredictable life stresses, such as divorce
and death, may contribute to the
re-working of earlier life stages.
Which of the following is TRUE of the stage
theory concept?
It proposes a specific direction of development.
In Erikson's original model, life stages were
given names but no ages because Erikson wanted to
emphasize an individual developmental timetable as unique, guided by biological maturation and cultural expectations.
Which of the following best describes Joanna's psychosocial crisis?
Her normal set of stresses and strains
In developing the eight stages, which of the following did Erik Erikson utilize?
Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages
In order for Jennifer to successfully cope with the loss of her job, she must begin with reconciling her situation.
false
Lou was uncomfortable when he arrived at
summer camp, so he began to walk
around
and learn where the activities were held. He
next observed the boys in his age group playing a game of ball. According to psychosocial theory, Lou was
appraising the situation as a coping behavior.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be
a factor in a person's coping strategy?
The hidden meaning of the stressor
When an individual engages in a central process, the result is
a reworking of an individual's psychological system.
Michele is coping with the death of her father by redefining the meaning of the loss. This process is referred to as
reappraisal.
Psychosocial theory predicts that self concept and worldview are reorganized at each stage of life.
True
Prime adaptive ego qualities and core pathologies influence one's
worldview
How is the problem of anorexia linked to the topic of emotional development?
Anorexia is associated with difficulties accepting and expressing emotions.
According to experts, what factor is LEAST likely to drive young people to join gangs?
Easy access to guns
Youth who are involved in repeated violent crimes are likely to
to drop out of school
Which term refers to the sense of
separateness, withdrawal from others, and an inability to experience the bond of mutual
acceptance?
Dissociation
A positive resolution of the psychosocial crisis of group identity versus alienation results in the achievement of the prime adaptive ego quality of
fidelity to others
Delinquency is associated with which of the following?
inability to control and manage one's impulses
Which of the following is least likely to cause depression in early adolescence?
Peer acceptance
Parental loss or parental rejection increases an adolescent's vulnerability to
depression
The tendency to pursue activities that are novel, thrilling, and exciting is known as
sensation seeking
As adolescents become aware of a more differentiated array of emotions, boys are more likely to have a heightened awareness of new levels of negative emotions that focus on
aggressive impulses
Alienation associated with issues of common bond occurs when adolescents are
unable to form interpersonal ties that provide feelings of acceptance or emotional support.
Alcohol may be associated with adolescent death in which of the following conditions?
By suppressing breathing when in high concentration levels
How is the timing of puberty related to self image for late-maturing adolescent boys?
They are likely to be self-conscious and have a negative self-image.
About what percent of adolescents in the United States try an illegal drug (not including alcohol) by their senior year in high school?
50%
Which of the following was observed in research that examined the influence of parenting practices on peer group membership?
Parents who emphasize academic achievement have children who belong to the "popular" crowd.
Diverse processes such as joining a group, forming in-group and out-group attitudes, stereotyping, rejecting a group, and exercising leadership in a group, are all examples of
Group operations
Hammad, who is 15, does not feel that he is a part of any social group; he is uneasy in the presence of peers. He is experiencing
discrimination
The self-consciousness and egocentrism common in early adolescence is likely to result in experiences of
alienation
Populars, gangs, skateboarders, and jocks are examples of
peer crowds
Abby is a shy adolescent who
lives a very structured life, keeping to a strict routine.
Over the last six months, she has lost 20 pounds. She is often nauseous and does not enjoy eating. Her mother tries to encourage her to eat, but Abby insists she is too fat and she looks better this way. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Anorexia
For young people, the transition to sexualized relationships including learning the art of flirtation, practicing how to approach, and learning the rules of engagement between the sexes is influenced by
norms of peer group and community
Early adolescent changes rarely affect a boy's self-esteem.
false
Which of the following is an important characteristic of formal operational thought?
The ability to think about themselves, other individuals, and their world in relativistic ways
In a study of the impact of the Signs of Suicide (SOS) prevention program in 92 schools, it was found that students who participated in the program
showed an increase of help seeking of 60% in the month following the beginning of the program.
During early adolescence, there is _ in the rate and sequence of development
variability
Ann is an adolescent girl whose boyfriend wants to have sexual intercourse with her.
Her decision about this will be closely related to
her parents values and the norms of her peer group.
In the study of three ethnic groups, what happened to relations with parents as peer relations increased in importance during early adolescence?
Family members continued to be the most central source of love and emotional support.
Some people engage in sexual activity to avoid a negative outcome, such as conflict in a relationship.
True
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about formal operational thinking?
New skills help the person anticipate the consequences of their actions.
What is a common consequence of early maturation for girls?
Higher levels of conflict with parents
What is one of the earliest signs for the onset of puberty for girls?
breast buds
Research suggests that for most males and females who carry knives, the primary motive is
self-defense
For boys who are experiencing pubescent growth, shaving provides some evidence for
enhanced masculinity
Why is a depressed mood in early adolescence of special concern?
It is linked to suicide and/or suicidal attempts.
In the process of resolving the psychosocial crisis of _ adolescents become psychologically connected to the social life of their family, school, and community
group identity versus alienation
Stacey discusses her concerns about her aging parents and her sense of duty and responsibility to them. What she is expressing is called
filial obligation.
In contrast to those with anorexia, adolescents who suffer from bulimia are more likely to
prevent food absorption through induced vomiting or use of laxatives.
Many cultures mark the beginning of puberty with a rite of passage.
true
For boys, the rapid physical growth at puberty
May leave a boy awkward and uncoordinated for a time
About what percent of eighth graders in the U.S. say they have been drunk at least once?
13%
Alan is experiencing sleeplessness moodiness, and loss of appetite. He is very low in energy and doesn't want to get involved in any of the activities that provided enjoyment in the past. A likely diagnosis is
depressed mood
Which of the following is an important aspect of peer relationships that occurs in early adolescence?
sexual interest
The kind of reasoning associated with diplomacy, psychotherapy, and spiritual leadership is called
postmoral reasoning
Which of the following is most accurate concerning sexual-minority youth's sexual orientation?
Parental acceptance after disclosure is very important to well-being and identity development.
Which of the following is most accurate?
If chlamydia is untreated, it may cause pelvic inflammatory disease that leads to infertility
Discuss the essential characteristics of formal operational thought What kinds of experiences are most likely to stimulate this kind of reasoning?
The first characteristic is the ability to manipulate more than two categories of variables simultaneously. A situation to stimulate this would be when a person thinks about time, speed, and distance when planning to go somewhere. The second characteristic is the ability to think about things changing in the future. An example would be when a child realizes that their family structure and relationships will change as they grow older. The third characteristic ie the ability to hypothesize logical sequences of events. An example would be that adolescents will consider how well they do in school will impact college and career options. The fourth characteristics the ability to foresee the consequences of actions. An example would be if a child does not study, they realize they may not do as well on the test. The fifth characteristic is the ability to detect logical consistency or inconsistency in a set of statements. An example would be a child testing the truth of a statement by finding evidence that supports or disproves it. The sixth characteristic is the ability to think in relativistic ways about self. others, and the world. An example of this is when an adolescent recognizes that people are the products of societies with different sets of rules and norms. They also recognize that they are expected to behave in a certain way because of the cultural norms and rules.
In the Tiedeman model of career decision-making, the last three phases involve
implementation.
Which of the following statements about the relationship of gender and identity achievement is most accurate?
For both men and women, identity achievement is associated with positive ego qualities.
The relationship of a secure attachment to parents and identity in later adolescence is that those who have a
secure attachment are more likely to have an achieved identity.
Berzonsky suggests that not all later adolescents process identity-related information in the same way. According to his model, the normative types
focus on the standards set for them by others.
College faculty _ concerned now than in the are past that students are not prepared for college mathematics, independent work, and critical thinking.
more
Young people who identify with labels such as hood, loser, or druggie are likely to develop a
negative identity
Kohlberg's view of moral development focuses on the behavioral aspects of morality.
false
The structure of identity has two components. What are they?
Content and evaluation
Paul has changed his major twice. He has had several summer jobs and is considering another type of internship next year. With respect to his occupational identity, we would say he is engaging in
role experimentation
refers to a period of experimentation and freedom from daily expectations for role performance.
Psychosocial moratorium
Most college students attend colleges far from home in order to achieve autonomy.
false
A secure attachment to parents, based on a perception of them as committed to their child's well being, is essential for growth toward independence.
true
In many of the measures of identity development, vocational choice, political and religious ideologies, and gender role or interpersonal values comprise the
foundational content areas.
Lack of funds can lead students to
both live at home and work more hours.
Which of the following involves the ability to select and guide one's decisions and actions, without undue control from or dependence on parents?
Autonomy
In the case of Houston A. Baker, Jr., what aspect of his identity process is revealed?
His commitment to the pursuit of intellectual creativity
The college curriculum can help advance moral reasoning because students experience
differing points of view
Many young people come to college ready to engage in a period of questioning and personal experimentation. They suspend the need to make commitments. This is described as
psychosocial moratorium.
A person who develops complex decision-making strategies, gains access to career-related information, and archives self-insight about career-related goals is said to have achieved
career maturity.
Moral judgment changes from early school age to later adolescence in that in later adolescence, there is
more emphasis on principles of social responsibility
Which behavior would NOT be considered a positive post-divorce coping strategy?
Reminiscing about the former spouse
Pressure to marry within a religion or culture is called endogamy.
true
In the work trajectory, getting hired, being promoted, and retirement are examples of
life course transitions.
According to the metaphor of a three-dimensional space to describe lifestyle, the dimension of depth stand for
a sense of purpose and meaning
Which of the following factors appears to play an important role in the mate selection process today as partners determine their similarity?
Agreement about the balance of work and family roles
What is the relationship between personal identity and intimacy?
Couples who worked on identity are more likely to experience high levels of intimacy
Men who entered fatherhood at a later age (after 30), when compared to young and on-time fathers, were considered
more involved in parenthood.
A tenuous personal identity is likely to stand in the way of achieving
intimacy
Which of the following are considered developmental tasks of early adulthood?
Exploration of intimate relationships
In Maslow's theory, _ is a motive that urges person to make optimal use of his/her potential to become a more effective, creative participant in daily life.
self-actualization
What is an essential process that promotes growth in Rogers' theory of personality development?
Experiencing and accepting the authentic self
Which of the following may occur during Phase II of the mate selection process and could lead to termination of the relationship?
Negative self-disclosure
Childbearing is considered a developmental task associated with what life stage?
Early adulthood
After the birth of a child, conflictual marriages show an increase in marriage satisfaction.
false
In a study of four decades of trends associated with having children, in the 1980s and 1990s people viewed childbearing
as more of an option than an obligation.
Discuss the challenges and benefits of the dual earner marriage and consider the impact of these challenges and benefits for marital stability.
As mentioned in the text, four benefits include involvement in multiple roles, the participation of both partners in the workforce, success in one role can buffer each person against negative experiences in other roles, and involvement in similar roles provides husbands and wives with a shard frame of reference. All of these benefits can contribute to marital happiness. Some challenges of dual-earner marriage include finding a relative balance of power and demands for household labor for two partners. Couples may struggle to find equality in household chores along with developing work/life balance. Other challenges include role overload and finding time in schedules for one another. All of these challenges can contribute to psychological and marital distress.
The advantages of the dual-earner, multiple-role lifestyle can be offset when one or both partners experience
role overload
Perceived discrimination undermines psychological wellbeing for women, but not for men.
true
From a psychosocial perspective, what are the factors that may contribute to the high divorce rate for couples who marry before age 20?
There is a greater incidence of premarital pregnancy, dropping out of school, and lower-paying employment, which all contribute to the likelihood of divorce. Also, not achieving developmental needs is also a great risk factor. There is a greater difference in development between people who marry younger and later including having goals and commitments, maturation of executive functions, integration of one's morality, and opportunities to establish significant relations to community supports.
Which category is LEAST associated with the feelings of loneliness?
Nonverbal
As a general rule, how would you characterize the kinds of jobs that are available to people who leave high school without a diploma or who do not go to school beyond high school?
Unstable and supervised by rigid autocratic employers
Living arrangements for 18-24 year-olds changed from the 1960s to the present because fewer 18-24 year-olds
are married and living in their own households today.
The theoretical construct of identity status assumes a developmental progression. According to this view, a person who has been categorized as in a period of moratorium could never accurately be described at a later time as
identity foreclosed.
The term goal affordances refers to
the goals viewed as likely to be achieved in certain careers.
In order for later adolescents to be successful in achieving autonomy,
there must be a context of mutual caring, emotional support, and differentiation in the family.
John has dropped out of college. The most likely consequence will be that
his marriage prospects will be impacted.
The term private self refers to
a sense of being the originator of one's thoughts.
Based on research about the relationship of parental attachment and adaptation to college, _ students had the most difficulty adapting to college during their first year.
dismissive
If you were a career counselor working with a college student, which of the following suggestions would you be unlikely to give the student?
Avoid being confused by talking to a lot of people.
Gender role expectations can only change over several generations.
false
Which factors do high school and college students say played the greatest role in career decision-making?
Individual factors such as abilities and interests
Kohlberg's view of moral development focuses on the behavioral aspects of morality.
false
In a survey of entering college freshmen, which of the following life objectives was more important to women than to men?
Helping others who are in difficulty
According to Gilligan, women's reasoning about moral situations differs from that of men in which of the following ways?
Women are more sensitive than men to the interpersonal context and one's responsibility for others.
Which of the following statement about gender and identity is most accurate?
Few gender differences in identity status have been discovered.
The private self includes a sense of unity and decentering
true
Transsexuals develop a gender identity that reflects their biological features.
false
Most college students attend colleges far from home in order to achieve autonomy.
false
Tiedeman has created a model for career decision making in which there are _ phases
seven
The core pathology of later adolescence is repudiation. This refers to
a hostile rejection of ideas and groups that do not adhere to one's own beliefs.
In later adolescence, work on identity requires _ various sources of content and deciding which elements have the greatest importance.
integrating
The kind of moral reasoning that is dominated by concerns for the maintenance of the existing rule structure and respect for authority is called
conventional
How is physical appearance related to gender identity? People who are
dissatisfied with their appearance expect to be rejected by the opposite sex.
Under what conditions are parents most likely to be willing to provide financial support to their child in later adolescence?
While a child is single and attending college
Of the various identity statuses, which one is most likely to be associated with tendencies toward procrastination, hostility, and disagreeableness?
identity confusion
What is the basic idea behind Tiedeman's model of career decision-making?
There is a continuous interaction between the work context and self-understanding about career goals.
Which of the following is considered a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
It is based on a method emphasizing prohibitive moral judgments.
What is the relationship between sexual orientation and gender identity?
Sexual orientation does not predict gender identity.
Students in the top 10% in high school class rankings will _ in college.
quite possibly earn Cs and Ds
According to research, which couples are able to maintain their relationship quality in the face of economic distress?
Those who exhibited cooperative, mutually respectful problem-solving strategies
Which statement about couples who decide to remain childless is most accurate?
They are increasingly common in the U.S. and other industrialized nations.
Michelle graduated from high school last month. She is preparing for her freshmen year in college. Michelle's preparation for her first year in college is an example of which of the following life course terms?
Transition
Cohabitation may be a prelude to marriage or an alternative to marriage.
true
Although income, occupation, and education are important predictors of divorce, when you ask couples about the major cause for their divorce, they frequently cite
problems in communication.
White's term competence motivation refers to
behaviors motivated by desire to achieve a sense of mastery.
Among the factors that contribute to social integration, which one is related to a high divorce rate?
High population change
In the partner selection process, role compatibility refers to
a sense that the two partners approach a situation in ways that work well together.
The first few years of a committed relationship involve a process of
mutual adaptation.
Data about divorce suggest that
the probability of divorce is highest during the first years of marriage
Wilson and Juanita are both employed and have recently married. Based on the text readings about marital adjustment, what assumptions will they need to re-examine?
The division of labor in the family
When workers are organized into teams,
a competitive orientation is likely to be fostered
The ability to experience an open, supportive, tender relationship with another person without fear of losing one's identity is called
intimacy
To whom do gay and lesbian couples most often turn to validate and encourage their relationships?
Other members of the gay and lesbian community
What is the biggest challenge in an individual's transition from the welfare system?
Finding a job with a salary that meets basic living expenses
The central process through which intimacy
is
acquired is
mutuality among peers.
Raymond and Ayesha met for dinner at their favorite restaurant after work. After dating for four months, they were discussing childhood memories and family goals. Based on this information, what phase in the mate selection process are they in?
Phase II
Which of the following is most accurate concerning differences in the communication styles of men and women?
Women tend to want to talk things out so everyone feels comfortable.
Which of the following statements is one of the results of research by Ryff, Keyes, & Hughes on psychological well-being in midlife?
Minority status is associated with many indicators of strength for men and women.
In a study of four decades of trends associated with having children, in the 1980s and 1990s people viewed childbearing
as more of an option than an obligation.
In the mate selection process, men tend to emphasize _ while women tend to emphasize _ in their attraction to a partner
physical appearance; social status
In a cross-national comparison of cohabitation, Heuveline and Timberlake found
six types of cohabiting relationships.
Which of the following is considered a characteristic of people who have experienced one or more inter ethnic dating relationships?
They have an ethnically diverse group of friends.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes trends in the age of marriage?
people are marrying at later ages
Compared to heterosexual wives, women in lesbian relationships report
greater satisfaction with their sexual activity and greater dissatisfaction with relationship inequalities.
Which of the following factors appears to play an important role in the mate selection process today as partners determine their similarity?
Agreement about the balance of work and family roles
A consensual union is considered a(n)
type of informal marriage.
How do sexual disorders contribute to the psychosocial crisis of isolation? People with sexual disorders have
difficulty integrating sexuality into meaningful, close relationships.
The group of people who are roughly the same age during a particular historical period are referred to as a
cohort
Among the Gusii tribe in Kenya, the goal of reproduction is to
have children as frequently as possible.
In the work trajectory, getting hired, being promoted, and retirement are examples of
life course transitions
Of the four types of communication styles, what style do husbands and wives agree is most desirable?
Contactful
The principle of _ suggests that people are attracted to others who share important areas of similarity.
homogamy
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