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Terms in this set (87)
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the anterior pituitary gland? (Select all that apply.)
1 It houses neurosecretory cell axons.
2 It is derived from neural tissue.
3 It is the target of releasing factors.
4 It is derived from epithelial tissue.
5 It produces tropic hormones.
3
It is the target of releasing factors.
4 It is derived from epithelial tissue.
5 it produces tropic hormones.
The diurnal or nocturnal behavior of animals is regulated, in large part, by which of the following hormones?
calcitonin
serotonin
melatonin
oxytocin
epinephrine
Melatonin
Which of the following is an accurate statement about hormones and their receptors?
All cells have the same hormone receptors, but only a target cell will bind the hormone.
Cells with different hormone receptors typically have different gene expression patterns.
All cells express the same hormone receptor, and that receptor will only bind hormones that cause a response by the cell.
All hormone receptors are found embedded in the cell membrane.
All hormone receptors are found in the cytoplasm.
Cells with different hormone receptors typically have different gene expression patterns.
Recall that a small amount of releasing factor (from the hypothalamus) can cause the adrenal cortex to secrete a much greater amount of cortisol. The action of cortisol, in turn, can result in a high final concentration of glycogen in the liver. What is this an example of?
hormone signal denaturation
hormone signal amplification
hormone signal
accumulation
hormone signal degradation
Hormone amplification
Many animals communicate through the use of pheromones. Which of the following is one disadvantage of pheromones as a communication system?
Most pheromones are only recognized by members of the same species.
Most pheromones dissipate quickly in the environment.
Most pheromones elicit a specific response from an individual of the same
species.
Most pheromones dissipate quickly in the environment
In the late 1960s, Carroll Williams and Karel Salma discovered that the insect Pyrrhocoris apterus, when grown in jars with paper towels made from balsam fir, underwent several extra larval molts and finally died without completing metamorphosis. Further investigation led to the conclusion that the fir trees synthesize a hormonal analog that acts as an insecticide. Which hormone is this natural insecticide mimicking?
ecdysone
juvenile hormone
PTTH (prothoracicotropic hormone)
juvenile hormone
Juvenile Hormone
A mouse senses that a cat is nearby, and its body begins to produce epinephrine as part of the fight-or-flight response. Which of the mouse's glands secretes epinephrine?
the pituitary gland
the thyroid gland
the parathyroid
glands
the adrenal glands
the pineal gland
Adrenal Glands
f you were to remove the prothoracic glands from the insect larva, what would you expect the results to be? The larva would:
never molt again
molt into a larger larva.
pupate and then emerge as a normal adult.
Never Molt again
Which of the following insect hormones acts on the body tissues to stimulate molting and metamorphosis?
Ecdysone
Why are some body cells responsive to a particular hormone, whereas others are not?
Responsive cells express a receptor specific for the hormone.
Recall that a small amount of releasing factor (from the hypothalamus) can cause the adrenal cortex to secrete a much greater amount of cortisol. The action of cortisol, in turn, can result in a high final concentration of glycogen in the liver. What is this an example of?
Hormonal Signal amplification
Many animals communicate through the use of pheromones. Which of the following is one disadvantage of pheromones as a communication system?
Most pheromones dissipate quickly in the environment.
Steroid hormones are derived from:
cholesterol
What is the difference between negative feedback and positive feedback mechanisms?
Negative feedback mechanisms return a system to a set point; positive feedback mechanisms amplify a response.
Hormones are involved in which of the following processes?
an insect shedding its exoskeleton
a starfish regrowing one of its arms
a lion sleeping during the day and hunting at night
What is an example of positive feedback involving hormones?
The increased intensity of uterine contractions during childbirth
Which of the following animals has a heart in which oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix?
human
fish
frog
bird
mammal
Frog
The partial pressure of a gas is:
a measure of how quickly a gas moves across a respiratory surface.
equivalent to the total atmospheric pressure.
the difference in concentration of that gas inside and outside of a cell.
the fractional concentration of the gas multiplied by the overall, atmospheric pressure.
the weight of a given volume of the gas.
the fractional concentration of the gas multiplied by the overall, atmospheric pressure.
At the venous end of a capillary, the blood pressure is _____ the osmotic pressure and fluid _____ the blood vessel.
higher than; moves into
higher than; moves out of
lower than; moves into
equal to; remains within
lower than;
moves out of
Lower than; Moves into
Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the path of a drop of blood leaving the human heart?
heart → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → heart
heart → venules → veins → capillaries → arteries → arterioles → heart
heart → arterioles → arteries → capillaries → veins → venules → heart
heart → veins → venules → capillaries → arterioles → arteries → heart
heart → arteries → veins → capillaries → arterioles → venules → heart
heart → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → heart
What function do collagen and elastin have in arteries?
They line the interior to provide a smooth surface for blood flow.
All of these choices are correct.
They help to control blood flow within the body by contracting with the smooth muscles in the arterial wall.
They provide elastic rebound of the arterial wall to help smooth out blood flow.
They form valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
They provide elastic rebound of the arterial wall to help smooth out blood flow.
How many molecules of O2 can a single hemoglobin molecule carry when fully saturated?
2
16
4
1
8
4
The initiation of the mammalian heart contraction:
takes place at the SA node.
takes place at the AV node.
requires neural input.
takes place at the AV node and requires neural input.
takes place at the SA node and requires neural input.
takes place at the SA node.
Which of the following statements is true regarding myoglobin?
It
transports O2 in the bloodstream.
It possesses four heme groups.
It is found within muscle tissue.
It is not found in marine mammals.
None of the above statements are true.
It is found within muscle tissue
Chemical elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen that are required in the diet and must be obtained from the food an animal eats are otherwise known as:
vitamins.
essential
amino acids.
non-essential amino acids.
minerals.
fat.
Minerals
Which of the following statements about villi is/are CORRECT?
1 Villi serve to increase surface area.
2 Villi allow for enhanced nutrient absorption.
3 Villi move food particles through the digestive tract.
4 Villi secrete multiple types of digestive enzymes.
1 and 2
Endotherms usually, but don't always, maintain a _____ body temperature that is _____ than that of the environment.
constant; higher
constant; lower
constant; identical to
fluctuating; higher
fluctuating; identical to
Constant; Higher
The jaws of vertebrates are thought to have been derived by the modification of:
scales.
the vertebrae.
the
notochord.
cartilage that supported the gills.
bones in the skull.
cartilage that supported the gills
True or false: Desert reptiles excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid, which allows them to reabsorb most of the water from their urine after it drains into the cloaca.
True
In the presence of ADH, urine becomes more concentrated.
True
About ____________ of the blood circulated through the body with each heartbeat passes through the kidneys for filtration.
20%
The mammalian kidney has an outer layer called the ____________ and an inner layer called the ____________.
Cortex; medulla
Your kidneys filter your blood about ____________ times per day and reabsorb ____________% of the water entering the renal tubules, ____________% of the electrolytes in the blood, and ____________% of the glucose and amino acids that were filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus.
60; 99.9; 99.9; 100
Animals faced challenges when moving from water to land. What was the single most important adaptation that led to the uncoupling of reproduction and the need for an aquatic habitat?
Amniotic Egg
The fusion of gametes, resulting in the formation of a zygote, is called:
Fertilization
Gametes or spores are produced during the cellular process referred to as:
Meiosis
Together, the membranes of the amniotic egg are called the _____ membranes.
extraembryonic
Most birth-control pills contain both progestin (biologically similar to progesterone) and estrogen. By taking a pill over consecutive days the amount of each hormone is maintained at a constant concentration in the circulating blood, inhibiting ovulation. Based on this information, what is the MOST likely mechanism for how birth-control pills affect ovulation?
They inhibit the release of the egg so that ovulation does not occur.
The developing embryo implants into the uterine lining at about 5 days after fertilization. At this stage, it is a fluid-filled ball of cells called a:
Blastula
Cells move to new positions in the developing embryo during which developmental stage or process?
gastrulation
After fertilization, the zygote undergoes rounds of cell divisions in a process called:
cleavage
Once the plasma membranes of the egg and sperm fuse, the egg completes meiosis II and undergoes a series of changes that further prevent _____, or fertilization by more than one sperm.
polyspermy
Which of the following are forms of asexual reproduction?
budding
fragmentation
parthenogenesis
All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices
An example of an adaptive immunity is
A vaccine
An innate immunity is an immunity you are
born with
Name 2 chemical function of the skin
oil- lubrication
sweat- antimicrobial
Most abundant blood cell and first to respond to infection
Neutrophils
Blood cell that responds to parasitic invasion
Eosinophils
Recognize infected host cells
Lymphocytes
What cells mark infected cells with 'red flags'?
TLRs
What blood cells are location-specific and sent messages to rest of body?
Dendritic Cells
Where are b cells and t cells produced?
bone marrow
Cells that produce memory cells
b cells
Why do we have lots of B cells?
Each b cell has to be able to recognize different pathogens
A reaction can linger and linger for a while before a _________________ will occur
Primary Response
If T-cells don't pass the exit exam, what happens?
The thymus destroys it
Aerobic respiration
requires oxygen, is carried out within the mitochondria of eukaryotic animals, and provides a steady supply of ATP for longer-term, sustainable activity.
As a person ages, his or her thymus shrinks. How does this change affect the effectiveness of vaccinations?
Vaccinations will be less effective because the rate of T cell maturation will be reduced
At the venous end of a capillary, the blood pressure is _____ the osmotic pressure and fluid _____ the blood vessel.
Lower than ; moves into
An autoimmune disease occurs when:
immune cells react to antigens normally present on host cells
The body fluid of sharks has a much lower concentration of sodium chloride than that of the surrounding seawater, and sharks are able to remain in osmotic equilibrium with the external environment. How can this be the case?
Sharks store enough urea to match the total solute concentration of the surrounding seawater.
Cilia are part of the protective barrier located in the:
Respiratory Tract
The colon absorbs water from food; without the colon, water from drinking must compensate for the loss of water from food.
True
Cytokine signaling of phagocytes is an example of _____ signaling.
Endocrine
Diffusion of materials between the blood and body tissues occurs at which of the following blood vessels?
Capillaries
Essential amino acids must be supplied in the diet because:
essential amino acids are necessary for protein biosynthesis, but we do not have the biochemical pathways to synthesize those amino acids
External fertilization occurs in all of the following groups EXCEPT:
Whales
How does a macrophage destroy a pathogen?
phagocytosis
The internal body fluids of an osmoconformer are described as having:
roughly the same total solute concentration as the external environment.
The MOST reliable food source containing all of the essential amino acids for humans is:
Meat
Osmosis
water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.
A rightward shift in the oxygen dissociation curve means that:
the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 has decreased.
A scientist is searching for chemical compounds involved in embryonic limb development. He discovers a new compound that is transiently expressed in the limb and only seems to affect cells in its immediate vicinity (up to a few cell lengths away). How should the scientist classify this chemical compound?
A paracrine factor
Two of the classic signs of infection, swelling and redness, are a result of:
The effect of histamines on blood vessels
Under which of the following conditions would you expect to find Daphnia reproducing sexually?
Warm Tempuratures
What determines the specificity of the hypervariable region of an antibody?
Genomic rearrangement
What is meant by "tidal ventilation"?
Air moves into the lungs during inhalation and air moves out of the lungs during exhalation.
What is the function of surfactant in the mammalian respiratory system?
reduction of surface tension in the fluid covering the alveoli
Which of the following describes the CORRECT path of air through the human respiratory system?
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Which of the following is NOT a type of phagocytic cell?
Mast cell
Which of the following is the CORRECT order of steps of gas transport and exchange?
ventilation, diffusion across the respiratory surface, circulation, diffusion between blood and cells
Which of the following statements about K-strategists is FALSE?
They give birth frequently
Which of the following statements about metabolic rate is FALSE?
The metabolic rate per gram of tissue is greater in large endotherms than in small endotherms.
Which structure stores motile sperm?
epididymis
You are a doctor examining a patient's blood test reports. You are looking at the ratio of helper T cells to cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells _____; cytotoxic T cells _____. You can tell them apart by the type of protein they _____.
activate other immune system cells; kill altered host cells; express on their plasma membrane
You are a doctor who examines a swollen and warm puncture wound on the hand of a patient. Next door, a vet examines a puncture wound on the foot of a dog. Do you and the vet expect to see the same response in the dog and human patient?
Yes, because vertebrates have both adaptive immune systems and innate immune systems.
The amniotic egg was a key adaptation allowing vertebrates to make the transition to life on land where diffusion to/from a watery environment could not allow a developing embryo to meet its metabolic needs. Its three membranes are the ____________, which surrounds the embryo in a watery sac; the ____________, which sequesters metabolic waste away from the developing embryo; and the ____________, which surrounds the embryo and other sacs.
amnion; allantois; chorion
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