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202 Multiple choice questions
- what you want to achieve in your speech, merges your general purpose statement, topic, and audience to identify this goal you want
- Speech Parts
- Main points
- Specific Purpose
- Speech Practice
- fallacy involves misrepresenting a speaker's argument so that little of the original claim remains
- Primary Sources
- Copyright Laws
- Caricature Fallacy
- Cause and Effect
- the question-and-answer session following a group's formal presentation
- Forum
- Words
- Logos
- Noise
- 1. Avoid too much info on a single slide
2. Choose visual materials carefully, making sure they are relevant to topic
3. Use visual materials when images will say more than words
4. Don't use too many images
5. Balance variety with coherence
6. Use large lettering- Power of Langue
- Speeches of nomination
- Basics of Visual Design
- Patterns of Organization
- 1. Empathic--feelings and emotions
2. Appreciative--enjoyment
3. Content--information and main points
4. Critical--evaluation of credibility, ideas, and evidence- Evaluation Criteria
- Reasons for Listening
- Speeches to entertain
- Definitions
- a word used in place of another word that is
viewed as more disagreeable or offensive
- Beliefs
- Premises
- Euphemisms
- Thesis
- pattern allows you to retell events as a story or a series of short stories.
-This pattern emphasizes the dramatic unfolding of events.- Paraphrasing
- Spatial
- Fair Use
- Narrative
- 1. Use Presentation software like PowerPoint or Keynote
to allow computer users to display info in multimedia slide shows
2. Use slides sparingly--not too many!
3. Balance creativity with clarity and predictability with spontaneity- Digital Slide Do's
- Visual Language
- Types of Sources
- Connotative Meanings
- Four Dimensions:
1. Competence
2. Trustworthiness
3. Dynamism
4. Sociability
KEY!!!- Speech Parts
- Speaker Credibility
- Divided Audience
- Manuscript
- draw the audience to the public speaker
- Currency
- True
- Fair Use
- Narratives
- during this part of the speech, the speaker must get the audience's attention, indicate the purpose and thesis, establish credibility, and preview the main points
- Coercion
- Introduction
- Noise
- True
- this association sets standards of ethical communication for persuasive speakers
- Panel Discussion
- Evaluation Criteria
- National Communication Association
- Ethical Communication
- A process in which the speaker is the channel.
- Denotative Meanings
- Visual Language
- What is Public Speaking?
- Negative Audeince
- during this part of the speech, the speaker's main points and sub points are discussed
- Words
- Proofs
- Body
- Pathos
- a short speech that introduces a person to an audience
1. Prepare the audience for the main speaker and the occasion
2. Research the speaker as you would any topic
3. Make a connection between the main speaker and the audience- Problem Solution
- Speeches to inform
- Speech of Introduction
- Conclusion
- provides the speaker information about how an audience understands the message based on their responses to the speech
- Audience
- Language
- Feedback
- Rhetoric
- must be clear, relevant, and balanced.
Organize these in a clear, logical pattern.- Manuscript
- Proofs
- Environment
- Main points
- pattern allows you to divide your topic into subtopics that address the components, elements, or aspects of the topic.
-Subtopics become the main points of the speech- Forum
- Volume
- Spatial
- Topical
- guides the speaker during the initial stages of speech development
- Working outline
- Positive Audience
- Definitions
- Power of Langue
- information that is credible and fits with what other experts have concluded, and the source must be an authority on the
topic
- Reliability
- Parallelism
- Examples
- Plagiarism
- The most useful resource for historical information
- Body
- Volume
- Books
- Noise
- Language that is appropriate for your audience
- Videoconferencing
- Ambiguous Language
- Audience Centered Language
- Active Language
- 1. Speeches to inform
2. Speeches to persuade
3. Speeches to entertain- Citing Sources
- Types of Speeches
- Extemporaneous
- Group Speeches
- Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other
Example: "Like father, like son." "Easy come, easy go." "Flying is fast, comfortable, and safe."
- Dynamism
- Parallelism
- Plagiarism
- Narrative
- flow from an individual's standpoint
- Proofs
- Ethos
- Claims
- Beliefs
- provide substance for your speech
1. Narratives
2. Examples
3. Definitions
4. Testimony
5. Facts/Stats- Dialogic Ethics
- Copyright Laws
- Supporting Materials
- Citing Sources
- explain or describe what something is
- Transitions
- Euphemisms
- Persuasion
- Definitions
- used by speakers when they compare two similar objects, processes, concepts, or events and suggest that what holds true for one also holds
true for the other
- Analogical Reasoning
- Connotative Meanings
- Ethical Speakers
- Fallacies in Reasoning
- this audience is informed about your topic but split in its
views
1. Demonstrate that you recognize the legitimacy of your arguments for and against the issue
2. Establish your credibility
3. Establish common ground among all audience members
4. Address the objection
5. Reinforce the position of those who agree with you- Divided Audience
- Evidence
- Active Language
- Uninformed Audience
- fallacy suggests something is wrong with the speakers character
- Appeal to Tradition Fallacy
- Guilt by Association Fallacy
- Post Hoc Fallacy
- Caricature Fallacy
- during this part of the speech, these are used to move from the intro to the body, from one point to the next, and from the body to the conclusion
- Claims
- Transitions
- Definitions
- Oral Citations
- pattern allows you to divide a topic into subtopics that address its components, elements, or aspects
- Topical
- Premises
- Forum
- Beliefs
- 1. View audience members as partners
2. Speakers seek to make a connection between what you are saying and to the audience
3. Analyzing and adapting to the audience is crucial for all types of communicators- Introduction
- Audience
- Speeches of nomination
- Audience-Speaker Connection
- the fear of speaking in front of an audience
-begins with uncertainty (7 sources of uncertainty)- Sociability
- Speech Parts
- Managing Speech Anxiety
- Speech Anxiety
- 1. Know the speech you practice may vary from the speech you give to your audience
2. Give a version of your speech
3. Practice your speech in stages
4. Time your speech- Speeches to inform
- Speech Practice
- Specific Purpose
- Speech Anxiety
- fallacy
that involves concluding that a casual relationship exists simply because one event follows another in time
- Post Hoc Fallacy
- Loaded Word Fallacy
- Psychographics
- Red herring Fallacy
- attempt to describe, explain, or demonstrate something and are designed to increase the audience's knowledge about a topic
- Speeches to inform
- Speech of Introduction
- Persuasion
- Specific Purpose
- others' interpretations or adaptations of primary sources
- Narratives
- Secondary Sources
- General Purpose
- Group Speeches
- pattern allows you to arrange your ideas in a time sequence or trace the history of a topic
- Citing Sources
- Conclusion
- Chronological
- Demographics
- Chronological, spatial, topical or cause-and-effect pattern
- Types of Speeches
- Speeches on Questions of Fact
- Specific Purpose and Thesis
- Organizational Patterns for Speeches on Questions of Fact
- 1. Intro
2. Body
3. Transitions
4. Conclusions- Paper Handouts
- Speech Practice
- Speech Parts
- Oral Report
- an audience that chooses to attend the event/occasion
- Voluntary Audience
- Narrative
- Vocal Variety
- Negative Audeince
- audience's
perception of a speaker's activity level during a presentation
- Claims
- Dynamism
- Ethos
- Symposium
- structures of ordering the main points of your speech (6 of
them)
1. Chronological
2. Spatial
3. Topical
4. Narrative
5. Cause-and-effect
6. Problem-SolutionThere is also Monroe's Motivated Sequence
- Patterns of Organization
- Ethical Communication
- Attention Getter
- Speech of Introduction
- This is arbitrary, ambiguous, abstract, and Active
- Language
- Images
- Argument
- Volume
- included in bibliography in APA 6th edition
- Problem Solution
- Narratives
- Written Citations
- Persuasion
- elicit an emotional
response from the audience, and improve their ability to recall aspects of your speech
1. make sure it contributes something truly important to your speech
2. only 10% of overall speech time
3. should be treated as an integral part of your speech
4. Embed within slides
5. should be unoffensive
6. Cited
7. Valid/legitimate- Types of Claims
- Video Clips
- Thesis
- Manuscript
- 1. Take on the role of the promoter or proponent
2. Advocate a particular view on a topic
3. Voice a clear position on a topic
4. Address three types of questions: fact, value, and policy- Persuasive Speakers
- Connotative Meanings
- Denotative Meanings
- Negative Audeince
- asks the audience to accept a general claim based on a few cases, or even just one case. Used by speaker
when they support a claim with specific instances or examples.
- Analogical Reasoning
- Outline Formatting
- Inductive Reasoning
- Negative Audeince
- begins with audience
analysis and creating a speech to achieve their goals as well as your goals
1. Create an enthusiastic and engaging manner to have your listeners respond the way you expect them to
2. Involve your audience
3. Respect the audience's time- Audience Management
- Attention Getter
- Cause and Effect
- Active Language
- when a person is forced to think a certain way or feels compelled to act under pressure or threat
- Currency
- Coercion
- Books
- Ethos
- 1. False Dilemma
2. Begging the question
3. Slippery slope
4. Ad ignorantiam- Fallacies in Reasoning
- Fallacies in responding
- Fallacies in Assumptions or Assertions
- Speeches on Questions of Value
- provides a highly detailed description of your ideas and how they are related to one another
-clearly reflect thinking
-clearly identifies all pieces of info for the speech, puts ideas in order, and forms the base for developing the presentation outline- Speech Practice
- Problem Solution
- Captive Audience
- Complete Sentence Outline
- a device used to create interest in your speech during your introduction
-consider your speech purpose, the amount of time you have to present your intro, creativity, techniques, and presentation media that are related to your topic- Attention Getter
- Alliteration
- Active Language
- Audience
- used to gather information about your audience's demographics and psychographics
- Target Audience
- Negative Audeince
- General Purpose
- Research Questionnaire
- ask qualitative judgments about something's significance. Addresses individual opinions and cultural beliefs rather than something true or false; timeless issues as well as recent concerns.
- Speech Practice
- Speeches to inform
- Speech Anxiety
- Speeches on Questions of Value
- pattern allows you to show how someone or something has developed or changed over time.
-Highlight the importance of each step in that development- Claims
- Proofs
- Rhetoric
- Chronological
- during this part of the speech, the speaker wraps up, reviews the main points, restates the thesis, and provides closure
- Claims
- Volume
- Conclusion
- Coercion
- the supporting materials that provide the foundation of your claims.
-Logical appeals aka Logos can be the most persuasive type of appeals when presented well
-Ethos appeals can be highly effective
-Pathos relies on emotional evidence and stimulation of feelings to influence an audience
-Mythos appeals rely on the values and beliefs embedded in cultural narratives or stories to influence an audience- Beliefs
- Evidence
- Models
- Fair Use
- degree to which the audience feels a connection to the speaker
- Re-labeling
- Testimony
- Sociability
- Spatial
- argues from a general
principle to a specific instance or case
- Active Language
- Reasons for Listening
- Deductive Reasoning
- Fallacies in responding
- 1. Premises
2. Conclusions- Sources
- Types of Sources
- Video Clips
- Types of Claims
- speaker appeals to the audience's credibility or character
(Think "establish")- Thesis
- Ethos
- Mythos
- Beliefs
- An expression that has a meaning apart from the meanings of its individual words
Example: "He's in the dog house." or "Play our cards right"
- Images
- Idioms
- Noise
- Models
- includes the people speakers most want to inform, persuade, or entertain
(diversity can work as an advantage as well as a disadvantage)- Target Audience
- Paraphrasing
- Negative Audeince
- Captive Audience
- True or False? You should comment on your speech anxiety
- True
- Attitude
- Idioms
- Beliefs
- helps you adapt your speech to the range of cultural differences represented in your audience
- Positive Audience
- Captive Audience
- Negative Audeince
- Analyzing you audience
- 1. Cite a surprising fact or stat to call attention to your topic
2. Tell and emotionally arousing but brief human-interest story
3. Tell a joke
4. Use the info you have collected about your audience
5. Ask a question that you want your audience to answer or consider- Speeches of nomination
- Preview Main points
- Proven Strategies for Attention Getters
- Reasons for Listening
- show you how much you know and what you know about your audience
- Active Language
- Audience Analysis
- Audience Management
- Video Clips
- propose conclusions based on the evidence presented, lay the groundwork for your thesis.
- Spatial
- Models
- Claims
- Forum
- this audience is informed on your topic and holds an unfavorable view of it, so you must...
1. Establish credibility w/your audience
2. Take a common-ground approach
3. Held your audience visualize your topic in positive ways
4. Prepare for your audience's negative reaction to your position- Target Audience
- Webidence
- Negative Audeince
- Divided Audience
- Started once your main points are officially presented:
1. Review main points
2. Reinforce purpose
3. Provide closure- Volume
- Conclusion
- Symposium
- Coercion
- fallacy that occurs when a speaker tries to reduce the choices an audience can make even though other alternatives exist
- Caricature Fallacy
- False dilemma Fallacy
- Ad Ignorantiam Fallacy
- Ad Hominem Fallacy
- the information you access when preparing your speech which should reflect the diversity that you
gain when learning/respecting others' viewpoints, should be multiple perspectives of information from these
- Sources
- Books
- Logos
- Volume
- Symbols that trigger
meanings that people have in their minds, created by language to challenge your audience to think, reason, contemplate, feel, evaluate, and respond to what you have to say
- Words
- Books
- Proofs
- Logos
- includes all of the external surroundings that may influence a public speaking event
- Environment
- Testimony
- Narratives
- Idioms
- language that gives your speech force and helps your audience picture your ideas:
1. Similes
2. Metaphors
3. Parallelism
4. Rhymes
5. Alliteration
6. Antithesis- Culture
- Arbitrary Language
- Visual Language
- Active Language
- pattern allows you to describe the physical or directional relationship between objects or places
- Spatial
- Topical
- Narrative
- Pathos
- definitions you find in dictionaries
- Presentation Media
- Positive Audience
- Denotative Meanings
- Enthymemes
- refers to taking someone else's ideas and work and presenting them as your own, whether intentionally or unintentionally
- Narratives
- Examples
- Parallelism
- Plagiarism
- speak your words clearly and pronounce them correctly, if you do poorly on this your audience may not understand you and may question your credibility
- Persuasion
- Articulation
- Alliteration
- Occasion
- Shared values, beliefs, and activities within a group or society
-learned through communication with family, friends, neighbors, the media, and other social institutions- Mythos
- Culture
- Forum
- Pathos
- provides a framework for understanding the relationship between communication and ethics as it provides principles for facilitating ethical communication in public speaking contexts
- Articulation
- Images
- Dialogic Ethics
- Antithesis
- a speech that is personally meaningful, presents accurate info, and presents info clearly that is easy to follow
- Informative Speech
- Negative Audeince
- Coherent Speech
- Narratives
- 1. Impromptu
2. Extemporaneous
3. Manuscript
4. Memorized- Primary Sources
- Four Delivery Methods
- Informative Speech
- Definitions
- occur when the evidence used to support a claim is irrelevant, inaccurate, or insufficient:
1. Red Herring
2. Comparative Evidence
3. Ad Populum
4. Appeal to Tradition- Positive Audience
- Cause and Effect
- Evidence
- Fallacies in Evidence
- speakers should provide these brief references to their sources during their speeches when including information
1. Tell the audience who authored or published a piece of information
2. cite the source of the material- Oral Citations
- Oral Report
- Occasion
- Articulation
- the explicit and implicit rules for
how members of a culture should behave
- Plagiarism
- Pathos
- Cultural Norms
- Citing Sources
- 1. Words have multiple meanings
2. Denotative meanings refer to formal meaning (what is found in dictionaries)
3. Connotative meanings are based on people's experiences
4. Individuals have their own meanings for words and the concepts those words stand for- Volume
- Audience Analysis
- Ambiguous Language
- Active Language
- Composed of 5 steps that encourage speakers to focus on audience outcomes while organizing ideas:
*1. Attention
2. Need
3. Satisfaction
4. Visualization
5. Action*
(Al Needed Stuff Very Abruptly")- Negative Audeince
- Monroe's Motivated Sequence
- Analyzing you audience
- Connotative Meanings
- serves as a standard of behavior
- Claims
- Value
- Volume
- Pathos
- Three important elements: noise, context, and environment
- Chronological
- Transitions
- Transactional Model
- Attitude
- pattern allows you to link points together based on physical relationships
- Topical
- Feedback
- Claims
- Spatial
- this audience is informed about your topic but is not interested in it, so you must...
1. Gain their attention and pique their interest
2. Show how the topic impacts them
3. Show your audience how much you care about the topic through your energy and dynamism
4. Take a one-sided approach to the topic- Analyzing you audience
- Specific Purpose
- Evidence
- Apathetic Audience
- the rational appeals based on logic, facts, and analysis
(Think "logic")- Volume
- Logos
- Noise
- True
- gives reasoning to support a conclusion
- Claims
- Premises
- True
- Examples
- 1. There is no direct connection between a word and what it represent, different groups of people have different words that stand for the same things (Pop, soda, coke)
2. There is no direct link between the object that led to your thought, and the words you choose to express that thought
3. There is no direct link between the object itself and the words you choose- Voluntary Audience
- Ambiguous Language
- Arbitrary Language
- Primary Sources
- fallacy that occurs when speakers use stats or compare numbers in ways that mislead the audience and misrepresent the evidence included to support the argument
- Positive Audience
- Comparative Evidence Fallacy
- Loaded Word Fallacy
- Fallacies in Evidence
- demonstrates how to do something special on the web immediately
- Deductive Reasoning
- Active Language
- Real-time web access
- Positive Audience
- involves putting a source's information into your own words in order to capture the essence of the information
- Paraphrasing
- Transitions
- Narrative
- Narratives
- Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand
- Argument
- Forum
- Jargon
- Value
- fallacies that involve errors in how the speaker links the evidence and the claims
1. Division
2. Hasty Generalization
3. Post Hoc
4. Weak Analogy- Paraphrasing
- Deductive Reasoning
- Outline Formatting
- Fallacies in Reasoning
- 1. Brainstorm
2. Consider your interests/what you know
3. Consider the audience
4. Consider the resources available
5. Consider time
6. Consider the setting- Topic Development
- Evidence
- Topical
- Audience Management
- fallacy where speakers imply the truth of the conclusion in the premise or simply assert the validity of the conclusion is self-evident
- Hasty Generalization Fallacy
- Slippery Slope Fallacy
- Begging the Question Fallacy
- Guilt by Association Fallacy
- speech that focuses on the qualifications or accomplishments of a
particular person
1. the nominator should be asked to present the nomination speech
2. The nominator must have accurate, concise, and compelling info about the nominee- Speeches of nomination
- Speech of Introduction
- Speech Practice
- Speaker Credibility
- 1. Books
2. Journal, magazine, newspaper
3. Reference works
4. Nonprint resources/Internet Resources- Target Audience
- Dialogic Ethics
- Types of Sources
- Video Clips
- speech expected after an individual is recognized, honored, or awarded
1. A presenter of an acceptance speech should be thankful and humble
2. Listeners expect comments made when accepting an award to be brief and to the point
3. Provide a context for an award by describing activities that led to the award, or tell a story related to the occasion- Target Audience
- Occasion
- Acceptance Speech
- Coherent Speech
- the differences in cultural backgrounds and practices around the world
- Reliability
- Sociability
- Cultural Diversity
- Claims
- express the authors' original ideas or findings
- Main points
- Primary Sources
- Sources
- Images
- fallacy that results when two things have important dissimilarities that make the comparison inaccurate and the analogy faulty.
- Weak Analogy Fallacy
- Appeal to Tradition Fallacy
- Working outline
- Ad Populum Fallacy
- lets the audience know that the ideas being stated did not originate with/from you
- Group Speeches
- Citing Sources
- Working outline
- Chronological
- an audience that feels/is obligated to attend the event/occasion
- Negative Audeince
- Apathetic Audience
- Captive Audience
- Audience
- the influence of first impressions on later perceptions
- Transitions
- Coercion
- Primacy Effect
- Primary Sources
- 1. One Primary focus that is highlighted
2. About objects and places
3. About People or other living creatures
4. About Process
5. About events, can highlight specific personal occurrences
6. About ideas and concepts that can be extensive and complex- Informative Speech
- Types of Speeches
- Types of Informative Speeches
- Effective Informative Speech
- information that is up to date
- Culture
- Images
- Value
- Currency
- this audience is informed about your topic and has a favorable
view of your position, so you must...
1. Rely on narratives to elaborate on your points
2. Incorporate engaging evidence that further reinforces the audience's commitment to the topic
3. Use vivid language and images to heighten your audience's enthusiasm for your topic
4. Rally your audience to take advantage- Positive Audience
- Target Audience
- Voluntary Audience
- Primacy Effect
- speaker appeals to cultural beliefs and values
(Think "My beliefs")- Models
- Mythos
- Words
- Symposium
- should reflect your general purpose, should clarify your topic for your audience, make it meaningful, express the main idea accurately and pique the audience's interest
- Ethical Speakers
- General Purpose
- Specific Purpose and Thesis
- Listening Components
- Asks whether something is true or false, the speaker tries to persuade an audience that something did or didn't occur, or that one event caused another.
Addresses:
1. What is observed or known
2. How the observations were made
3. Whether new observations have changed what people once thought of as fact.
Must provide sound, credible evidence such as facts/stats- Speeches on Questions of Fact
- Speeches to entertain
- Begging the Question Fallacy
- Speeches to persuade
- seek to provide enjoyment to the audience
- Speeches to entertain
- Speaker Credibility
- Ethnocentrism
- Speeches to inform
- requires little or no preparation
-General conversation is an example
-Flexible and completely spontaneous- Impromptu
- Mythos
- Models
- Sources
- Problem-Solution, Problem-Cause-Solution, Monroe's Motivated Sequence
- National Communication Association
- Organizational Patterns for Speeches on Questions of Policy
- Organizational Patterns for Speeches on Questions of Fact
- Begging the Question Fallacy
- these types of speeches usually involves interacting within the group and speaking on those outside of the group
- Group Speeches
- Evidence
- Euphemisms
- Audience
- fallacy that uses emotionally laden words to distract from the speaker's argument and evaluate claims based on misleading emotional response rather than the evidence
- Cause and Effect
- Loaded Word Fallacy
- Red herring Fallacy
- Division Fallacy
- Utilize...
-Roman Numerals
-Capital Letters
-Arabic Numbers (provide guidance for formatting your complete sentence outline)List...
-Topic
-General purpose
-Specific purpose
-Thesis- Speech Practice
- Working outline
- Outline Formatting
- Inductive Reasoning
- 1. Managing this well reduces speech anxiety
2. Dress for the occasion
3. Display appropriate facial expressions (adjust these according to the content of speech)
4. maintain good posture
5. Move with purpose and spontaneity
6. Avoid Physical barriers- Oral Report
- Body management
- Images
- Body
- the belief that our cultural view of the world is superior to anyone else's cultural view
must be avoided in communication situations
-Influences our evaluations of other speakers' competence and credibility
-can prevent us from questioning societal and cultural practices that promo discrimination against people- Rhetoric
- Plagiarism
- Ethnocentrism
- Extemporaneous
- provides support for persuasive speakers' positions on
questions of fact, value, or policy.
Forms the foundation of persuasion, makes a claim and supports it with evidence and reasoning- Beliefs
- Logos
- Sources
- Argument
- these
speakers do not attempt to deceive or manipulate the audience
- Effective Informative Speech
- Denotative Meanings
- Ethical Persuasive Speakers
- Digital Design Tips
- Form
of topic development
1. Generate as many ideas as possible
2. Write down every idea--whatever comes to mind
3. Avoid evaluation your ideas
4. Be as creative and imaginative as possible- Reasoning
- Transitions
- Brainstorming
- Environment
- a report in which one member of a group presents the group's findings
- Oral Report
- Re-labeling
- Validity
- Images
- can be very effective in some instances, but it is almost always best to wait to distribute these until after your speech (instead of before or during)
- Main points
- Paper Handouts
- Speech Anxiety
- Extemporaneous
- Fallacies that occur when listeners make errors in argument when critiquing a speaker's arguments
1. Ad hominem
2. Guilt by Association
3. Caricature
4. Loaded Word- Analogical Reasoning
- Inductive Reasoning
- Videoconferencing
- Fallacies in responding
- authored by Aristotle in which he emphasized the importance of adapting speeches to specific situations and audiences
audience-centered communication
- Rhetoric
- Forum
- Reasoning
- Topical
- fallacy that plays on popular attitudes without offering any supporting materials
- Ad Hominem Fallacy
- Ad Populum Fallacy
- Caricature Fallacy
- Topical
- information that can be tested by examining the author's conclusions
- Validity
- Attitude
- Plagiarism
- Sociability
- typically used when making a logical appeal
- Cause and Effect
- Main points
- Facts and Statistics
- Audience Analysis
- 1. Language is constantly evolving
2. New inventions create new words
3. Specific events change the meanings of words
4. Communicators continually alter the meanings of words- Visual Language
- Active Language
- Culture
- Power of Langue
- fallacy that argues that the status quo or current state of things is better than any new idea or approach
- Division Fallacy
- Guilt by Association Fallacy
- Appeal to Tradition Fallacy
- Loaded Word Fallacy
- gives your speech a sense of immediency that static digital images can not achieve
- Noise
- Webidence
- Premises
- Testimony
- summarizes the plan for achieving the specific purpose
- Value
- Beliefs
- Topical
- Thesis
- 1. Transmission
2. Interactional
3. Transactional- Models of Human Communication
- Types of Claims
- Power of Langue
- Paper Handouts
- assume the audience will figure our the premise or conclusion on their own, invites audience participation as they mentally fill in the missing parts of the argument
- Images
- Enthymemes
- Examples
- Antithesis
- allows exact composition of the language you wish you use for your speech, but is more difficult to maintain connection with the audience through this method as you are reading off a script
- Manuscript
- Images
- Audience
- Narrative
- fallacy that suggests that because a claim has not been shown false, it must be true
- Ad Ignorantiam Fallacy
- Hasty Generalization Fallacy
- Weak Analogy Fallacy
- Slippery Slope Fallacy
- posits that an individual's level of anxiety increases when they face an uncertain or unfamiliar situation
- Begging the Question Fallacy
- Digital Design Tips
- Attention Getter
- Uncertainty Reduction Theory
- usually indicates the reason for the speech
- Sociability
- Occasion
- Conclusion
- Jargon
- the overall goal of the speech (speaker should only focus on one type of this and always keep this in mind)
- Oral Report
- Cultural Norms
- Parallelism
- General Purpose
- 1. Reliability
2. Validity
3. Currency- Attention Getter
- Validity
- Audience
- Evaluation Criteria
- Individuals that have gathered in a semi-public setting
(plaza, theater, stadium) (Radio, TV and internet have this)- Argument
- Idioms
- Currency
- Audience
- Information about the audience's standpoints, values, beliefs, and attitudes
- Symposium
- Psychographics
- Plagiarism
- Rhetoric
- Fallacy that occurs when a claim is rejected based on the speaker's character rather than the evidence
- Caricature Fallacy
- Ad Ignorantiam Fallacy
- Ad Hominem Fallacy
- Ad Populum Fallacy
- pattern allows you to rely on the ideas of one action leading to or bringing about another
action
- Paper Handouts
- Audience Management
- Target Audience
- Cause and Effect
- pattern allows you to show how an action produces a specific outcome
- Captive Audience
- Active Language
- Enthymemes
- Cause and Effect
- a small group presentation in which individuals at multiple physical locations interact in real time orally and
visually, using video and high speed computer technology
- Videoconferencing
- Deductive Reasoning
- Evidence
- Demographics
- useful for describing and explaining topics
that involve a physical structure
- Topical
- Models
- Proofs
- Sources
- fallacy that is created when the speaker presents evidence that has nothing to do with the
claim
- Red herring Fallacy
- Weak Analogy Fallacy
- Re-labeling
- Audience Analysis
- the preview in the introduction of what will be said in the body of the speech that
are eventually reviewed in the conclusion
- Video Clips
- Persuasion
- Primary Sources
- Preview Main points
- Studied in Aristotle's book "Rhetoric", defined as the types
of support a speaker uses for a specific audience and occasion:
1. Logos
2. Pathos
3. Ethos
(4. Mythos)- Pathos
- Proofs
- Mythos
- Words
- make ideas
more concrete and personalize the topic
- True
- Fair Use
- Examples
- Volume
- 1. Hearing
2. Understanding
3. Remembering
4. Interpret
5. Evaluating
6. Responding- Listening Components
- Testimony
- Argument
- Main points
- a presentation format in which each member of a group presents a speech about a part of a
larger topic
- Body
- Reasoning
- Symposium
- Mythos
- 1. Avoid Expressing personal views
2. Keep your speech at the level of information sharing
3. Describe, explain, or demonstrate something without telling the audience what to think, or what to do about it
4. Establish a context, connect audience to topicInform to educate
- Effective Informative Speech
- Deductive Reasoning
- Inductive Reasoning
- Ethical Persuasive Speakers
- A balancing of two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses.
Example: "Patience is bitter, but it has sweet fruit." or "Speech is silver, but silence is golden."
- Thesis
- Audience
- Enthymemes
- Antithesis
- speech that honors people for something they have done, who they were, where they have been, or where they are headed
1. Emphasize emotion in an appropriate manner
2. Inspire the audience, as well as praise the person being honored- Cause and Effect
- Ambiguous Language
- Tributes and Eulogies
- Citing Sources
- 1. Don't use dramatic digital transitions
2. Avoid relying on text or numbers alone
3. Limit the number of bullet points per slide
4. Limit the number of words for each bullet
5. Make the font large and clean
6. Use the same digital transitions for each slide
7. Use colors that produce high contrast between the font and the background- Vocal Variety
- Dialogic Ethics
- Digital Slide Don'ts
- Digital Design Tips
- allows you to use limited portions of an author's work as long as the source of the information is credited
- Forum
- Fair Use
- Ethos
- Proofs
- these speakers support freedom of expression, appreciate diversity of perspectives, and tolerate opposing viewpoints
- Primacy Effect
- Secondary Sources
- Ethical Speakers
- Vocal Variety
- the audience is unfamiliar with your topic and has no opinion about it, so you must...
1. Motivate your audience to want to learn more about the topic
2. Demonstrate your expertise on the topic and fairness in addressing all perspectives
3. Use repetition and redundancy to reinforce your points
4. Keep your persuasion subtle- Apathetic Audience
- Outline Formatting
- Uninformed Audience
- Target Audience
- Repetition of the same consonant sounds
Example: "A big bully beats a baby boy."
- Narrative
- Occasion
- Transitions
- Alliteration
- rests in its ability to create images in the minds of
listeners
- Copyright Laws
- Types of Claims
- Power of Langue
- Speech Parts
- how a person feels about something
- Narrative
- Audience
- Attitude
- Volume
- Technical and material resources that can enhance your speech, can become a core feature of your speech--it encompasses more than just learning
technical procedures. There must be a valid reason for including this.
- Preview Main points
- Definitions
- Transitions
- Presentation Media
- any interference in
the understanding of a message, internal to the speaker or external
- Noise
- True
- Topical
- Books
- fit this to your topic to evoke emotion in the
audience
- Conclusion
- Vocal Variety
- Speech Anxiety
- Oral Report
- Characteristics such as age, sex, income, location, education, and religion
-used to identify their target audience- Logos
- Mythos
- Demographics
- Sources
- pattern allows you to attempt to convince your audience members that a specific dilemma is there or a problem requires
a particular course of action or solution, must demonstrate that the proposed solution will address the issue described and can be implemented
- Problem Solution
- Panel Discussion
- Conclusion
- Video Clips
- provides the bridge between the claim and the evidence
- Jargon
- Spatial
- Re-labeling
- Reasoning
- 1.
Chronological
2. Spatial
3. Topical
4. Narrative
6. Cause and Effect- Transactional Model
- Hasty Generalization Fallacy
- Connotative Meanings
- Informative Organizational Patterns
- achieved when speakers connect ideas with transitions--you should use transitions when moving between points and to connect your conclusion
- Copyright Laws
- Coherent Speech
- Informative Speech
- Types of Speeches
- speaker appeals to the audience's emotions
(Think "passion")- Spatial
- Models
- Pathos
- Images
- Jargon
Idioms
Euphemisms
Slang
Cliches- Paraphrasing
- Language to Avoid
- Citing Sources
- Language
- fallacy that
occurs when the speaker makes a claim after offering only one or two examples, or the examples offered do not represent the larger group
- False dilemma Fallacy
- Hasty Generalization Fallacy
- Ad Ignorantiam Fallacy
- Weak Analogy Fallacy
- Asks what course of action should be taken or how a problem should be solved, may reflect current controversies or less continuous topics and range from general to specific. Addresses a wide range of issues at personal, group, institutional, societal, and cultural levels and call for individualized responses. Include a call to action
- Speeches on Questions of Fact
- Speech of Introduction
- Red herring Fallacy
- Speeches of Questions of Policy
- Chronological, Spatial, or Topical
- Organizational Patterns for Speeches of Questions of Value
- Begging the Question Fallacy
- Organizational Patterns for Speeches on Questions of Policy
- Speeches on Questions of Value
- 1. Visualization
2. Re-labeling
3. Relaxation
4. Planning/Preparation
5. Actions taken on the day prior to speech delivery/ during the speech- Main points
- Vocal Variety
- Group Speeches
- Managing Speech Anxiety
- created
by language to inform, persuade, and entertain audience members
- True
- Value
- Images
- Premises
- requires careful research, organization, and rehearsal before
delivery
-Provides maximized connection with your audience, and the chance of achieving your purpose
-Form of delivery we use in our class- Models
- Extemporaneous
- Images
- Paper Handouts
- can be greatly effective if used for small speeches, or for sections of your speech, such as the introduction or key transitions
- Sources
- Forum
- Memorized
- Premises
- you assign positive words or phrases to the physical and emotional reactions associated with speech anxiety
- Antithesis
- Images
- Testimony
- Re-labeling
- Speak loudly enough, audience members should not have to strain to hear you
- Words
- Forum
- Logos
- Volume
- relies
on an individual's opinion or experiences related to a particular topic
- Ethos
- Webidence
- Mythos
- Testimony
- a discussion in which expert participants discuss a topic
in an impromptu format without an audience present
- Audience Analysis
- Paper Handouts
- Round Table Discussion
- Conclusion
- protect original published and unpublished
works (includes visual and audio materials too)
- Premises
- Spatial
- Copyright Laws
- Logos
- fallacy in which an error in deductive reasoning in which the speakers
assume that what's true of the whole is also true of the parts making up the whole
- Topical
- Division Fallacy
- Evidence
- Webidence
- personal associations individuals
have with a particular word
- Positive Audience
- Connotative Meanings
- Narratives
- Videoconferencing
- embodies the concept of success, relies on: language, images, and
other means of communication to influence people's attitudes, beliefs, values, or actions
- Persuasion
- Plagiarism
- Definitions
- Reasoning
- Addresses the moral
dimensions of speaking and listening
- Articulation
- Ethical Communication
- Digital Design Tips
- Alliteration
- attempt to reinforce or change the audience's beliefs,
attitudes, opinions, values, and behaviors
- Specific Purpose
- Types of Sources
- Speeches to persuade
- Persuasive Speakers
- 1. Slides shouldn't be a distraction from
topic
2. Slides should not be more prominent than you, the speaker
3. There should not be a lot of slides- Digital Slide Don'ts
- Dialogic Ethics
- Visual Language
- Divided Audience
- occurs when the speaker says that one event will necessarily lead to another without showing any logical connection between the two
- Speech Practice
- Slippery Slope Fallacy
- False dilemma Fallacy
- Guilt by Association Fallacy
- a discussion in which a moderator asks questions of experts on a topic in front of an audience
- Antithesis
- Panel Discussion
- Premises
- Oral Citations