- 3
- 4
- 5
- None of the above
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 4 : None of the above
Free
Official Paper 2: Tripura TET 2019 Paper 2 (Maths & Science)
150 Questions 150 Marks 150 Mins
Morality refers to a principle concerning the difference between right and wrong, good or bad behavior.
- Kohlberg used to narrate different stories to people and used to pose dilemmas before them .one of Kohlberg's famous dilemmas is the Heinz dilemma.
- Kohlberg would ask questions based on the posed dilemma and on the basis of the answer people gave, Kohlberg gave three levels (6 stages, each level includes 2 stages)
Every level is related to the increasingly complex stage of moral development
Level 1: Pre conventional (3-7 year): Distributive Realism: At this level child believes the rules of authorities around them i.e morality is externally controlled
Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation | Stage 2: Instrumental orientation/Individualism and exchange/personal reward orientation |
Focus on the child's desire to obey rules and avoid being punished | This stage expresses the Tit for Tat intention |
Level 2:Conventional /moral realism (10-13) Morality imposed by society: Child's sense of morality is related to personal and societies relationship
Stage 3: Good boy Nice Girl Orientation | Stage 4:Law and Order |
Child want the approval of others and act in ways to avoid disapproval | Child blindly accepts the rules because of their importance in maintaining a functional society |
Level 3: Post conventional /morality of cooperation /self-chosen morality: People in this stage believe that some laws are unjust and should be changed
Stage 5 :social contract orientation | Stage 6: universal ethical principle |
Laws that do not promote the general welfare should be changed when necessary for the good of society. | Moral reasoning is based on abstract reasoning based on universal ethical principle. |
Hence, we can conclude that kohlberg divided moral development into 6 number of stages.
Latest Tripura TET Updates
Last updated on Sep 22, 2022
Tripura TET notification released. The Tripura Teacher's Eligibility Test is a qualifying exam for candidates aspiring for Government Teaching Jobs in Tripura . The Tripura TET Exam includes two papers. Paper-I is for the aspirant intending to be a teacher for Class-I to V, while Paper-II for Class-VI to VIII. The application process will commence on 14th November 2022 and end on 25th November 2022. The exam for Paper I will be held on 30th December 2022, and that for Paper II will be on 29th December 2022.
Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, a comprehensive stage theory of moral development based on
Jean Piaget’s theory of moral judgment for children (1932) and developed by Lawrence Kohlberg in 1958. Cognitive in nature, Kohlberg’s theory focuses on the thinking process that occurs
when one decides whether a behaviour is right or wrong. Thus, the theoretical emphasis is on how one decides to respond to a moral dilemma, not what one decides or what one actually does. Kohlberg’s theory, though extremely influential, was based on research that used only boys as subjects. In the 1980s the theory was criticized by the American psychologist
Carol Gilligan for universalizing patterns of moral development exhibited by boys and ignoring the distinct patterns characteristic of girls. The framework of Kohlberg’s theory consists of six stages arranged sequentially in successive tiers of complexity. He
organized his six stages into three general levels of moral development. At the preconventional level, morality is externally controlled. Rules imposed by authority figures are conformed to in order to avoid punishment or receive rewards. This perspective
involves the idea that what is right is what one can get away with or what is personally satisfying. Level 1 has two stages.Theoretical framework
Level 1: Preconventional level
Stage 1: Punishment/obedience orientation
Behaviour is determined by consequences. The individual will obey in order to avoid punishment.
Stage 2: Instrumental purpose orientation
Behaviour is determined again by consequences. The individual focuses on receiving rewards or satisfying personal needs.
Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now
Level 2: Conventional level
At the conventional level, conformity to social rules remains important to the individual. However, the emphasis shifts from self-interest to relationships with other people and social systems. The individual strives to support rules that are set forth by others such as parents, peers, and the government in order to win their approval or to maintain social order.
Stage 3: Good Boy/Nice Girl orientation
Behaviour is determined by social approval. The individual wants to maintain or win the affection and approval of others by being a “good person.”
Stage 4: Law and order orientation
Social rules and laws determine behaviour. The individual now takes into consideration a larger perspective, that of societal laws. Moral decision making becomes more than consideration of close ties to others. The individual believes that rules and laws maintain social order that is worth preserving.
Level 3: Postconventional or principled level
At the postconventional level, the individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society. Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies. The individual attempts to take the perspective of all individuals.
Stage 5: Social contract orientation
Individual rights determine behaviour. The individual views laws and rules as flexible tools for improving human purposes. That is, given the right situation, there are exceptions to rules. When laws are not consistent with individual rights and the interests of the majority, they do not bring about good for people and alternatives should be considered.
Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation
According to Kohlberg, this is the highest stage of functioning. However, he claimed that some individuals will never reach this level. At this stage, the appropriate action is determined by one’s self-chosen ethical principles of conscience. These principles are abstract and universal in application. This type of reasoning involves taking the perspective of every person or group that could potentially be affected by the decision.
Basic tenets of Kohlberg’s theory
The numerous studies investigating moral reasoning based on Kohlberg’s theory have confirmed basic tenets regarding the topic area. Cross-sectional data have shown that older individuals tend to use higher stages of moral reasoning when compared with younger individuals, while longitudinal studies report “upward” progression, in accordance with Kohlberg’s theoretical order of stages. In addition, studies have revealed that comprehension of the stages is cumulative (e.g., if a person understands stage 3, he or she understands the lower stages but not necessarily the higher stages), and comprehension of higher stages is increasingly difficult. Moreover, age trends in moral development have received cross-cultural support. Lastly, data support the claim that every individual progresses through the same sequence of development; however, the rates of development will vary.
Measurement of moral development
Since the development of Kohlberg’s theory, a number of measurement tools that purport to measure moral reasoning have been constructed. Kohlberg’s Moral Judgment Interview (1969) is a rather lengthy structured interview requiring trained interviewers and scorers. Another instrument is the Defining Issues Test developed by James Rest (1974). These measures, ranging from projective tests to structured, objective assessments, all consist of a set of hypothetical stories involving moral dilemmas.
Cheryl E. Sanders The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica