What is Emotions?
A feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is personally important, especially if relevant to well-being.
What are some negative and non negative emotions?
Negative: Anxiety, guilt, sadness
Non Negative: Enthusiasm
Many functionalists focus their work on what?
Goal- Related Emotions
Emotional Competence focuses on......
The adaptive behavior of the emotional experience.
In terms of emotional competence skills, an example of being able to detect others' emotions is....
Being able to differentiate whether others feel sad rather than anxious.
Compare and contrast primary versus self-conscious emotions.
Comparisons: Both are emotional states that are displayed within the infancy and early childhood aspect of life.
Contrasts: Primary Emotions are presented within humans and the animal kingdom. These primary emotions include surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust. Self-Conscious Emotions require self- awareness with a conscious sense of "me" so only humans experience these emotions like jealousy, empathy, pride, shame, embarrassment and guilt.
What does it mean for an infant and parent to alter their own emotional expressions in response to one another in a reciprocal manner, and what is this called?
This is described as reciprocal or synchronous behavior. The interactions are mutually regulated meaning that a parent will change their emotional expressions in response to their Childs emotional responses and vice versa.
What are the different cries that babies make? How can you tell which is which and what the baby wants or needs?
Basic Cry, Angry Cry, an Pain Cry.
Basic Cry: a rhythmic patter of first crying, then a brief silence, then a shorter whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry.
Angry Cry: A variation of the basic cry in which more excess air is forced through the vocal chords.
Pain Cry: A sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding: no preliminary moaning is present, the pain cry is stimulated by a high-intensity stimulus.
Why is crying so important to an infant's development?
It is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating to the world. They also may provide information about the babies health or central nervous system.
Compare and Contrast Reflexive and Social Smiling
Compare: Both critical for a means of developing a new social skill and is a key social signal.
Contrast:
Reflexive Smile: Smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during
sleep.
Social Smile: Smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in. the case with infants. Occurs usually around 4-6 weeks of age.
Stranger Anxiety, which is the fear and weariness of strangers begins when?
The second half of the first year. (6-9 months).
Infants who are experiencing stranger anxiety will be more afraid of which of the following types of people?
Unsmiling and non cheerful strangers.
What is emotion regulation?
When an infant develops the ability to be able to inhibit, or minimize the intensity and duration of emotional reactions.
What part of the brain is associated with emotion regulation?
The center of emotional processing is the amygdala. Emotions are located int the temporal lobe of the brain.
When do children begin to effectively regulate their emotions?
During the first year of life the infant gradually develops this ability, starting to use language to display emotions around the second year of life.
The most important changed in emotional development in early childhood include an increased ability to.....
Talk about emotion and understand it better.
Compare and Contrast different approaches parents may take with their child's emotions.
The distinction between the two is most evident in which way the parent deals with the child's negative emotions.
Emotion-Coaching parents: monitor their children's emotions, view their negative emotions as a chance to teach a lesson, and coach them with ways to affectively deal with their emotions.
Emotion-Dismissing parents: their role is to ignore, deny, or change negative emotions.
Emotion-Coaching Parent: Interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, are more nurturing, and use more praise and scaffolding. These children are better at soothing their own emotions, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems.
In middle and late childhood emotions begin to change. Which of the following statements are true?
A. Children begin to internalize and integrate their emotions of pride and shame and take on a sense of personal responsibility.
B. Children have the ability to suppress negative emotional reactions.
C. Children have self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings.
D. All of these
All of these
According to Bowlby, the function of an infant's cry is to...
Express physiological arousal.
What are some ways parents and teachers can help children who have experienced traumatic stress cope with their experiences and emotions?
Reassure children of their safety and security, allow children to retell events, and be patient listening to them, Encourage children to talk about any disturbing or confusing feelings and letting them know these feelings are normal, Protect children from reexposure to frightening situations and reminders of the trauma. Help children make sense of whats happened.
Define Attachment
A close emotional bond between two people.
What are three different types of temperament described by Chess and Thomas? What type is most common and what type is least common?
An easy child: Generally has a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.
A difficult child: reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
A slow-to-warm-up child: Low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity mood.
Most common is easy, least comment is difficult, and yet their is still 30 percent of children that don't fit into any of the three categories.
What percentage of children are difficult?
Easy? and Slow-to-warm-up to?
Difficult:10%
Easy: 40%
Slow to warm up: 15%
In research on Chinese and Canadian children, it was found that children's temperaments vary
depending on their culture. Which statement is false about this research?
A. Behavioral inhibition is more highly valued in China than North America
B. Chinese Children are more inhibited than Canadian Children
C. Canadian mothers were very accepting of their children's inhibitions
D. Chinese mothers were more accepting of their children's inhibitions.
????
What is goodness-of-fit? Give some examples of good and bad fits.
Goodness-of-fit refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.
What does it mean to read others' emotional cues to help determine how to act in a particular situation? What is an example that I have used many times in class and maybe also on the reflection paper prompt sheet?
Social Referencing is the ability to read others emotional cues. Transitioning in life deals with this.
In an attachment experiment with surrogate "mothers", the infant monkeys showed a preference for the ________ monkey
Cloth
Based upon the fact that the contact comfort was important to the attachment of the baby monkeys.
Erikson and Bowlby would agree that....
Familiarity with a primary caregiver is critical during the first year of life.
What is the Strange Situation Paradigm created by Mary Ainsworth? What is the purpose of this experiment?
Ainsworth's observational measure of infant attachment to a caregiver, which requires the infant to move through series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order. The purpose of the experiment is the hope that their observations will provide information about the infant's motivation to be near the caregiver and the degree to which the caregiver's presence provides the infant with security and confidence.
Researchers interested in cross-cultural issues have criticized attachment theory for its failure to....
Adequately deal with the issue of multiple attachments infants may have in collectivist cultures.
Securely attached babies have caregivers who display all of the following characteristics except,
They don't take charge by setting the pace for the interactions between caregiver and baby.
What is the definition of self?
All of the characteristics of a person.
Define Identity
A self portrait composed of many pieces.
An individuals self-understanding is what?
a person's cognitive representation of ones self.
An infant's mother puts a dot of lipstick on his nose. Observers watch to see how often the infant touches his nose. Next, the infant is placed in front of a mirror, and observers detect whether nose toughing increases. They are studying the infant's?
Visual self-recognition.
Young children think of themselves in highly physical terms and use a lot of concrete and active descriptions. How do children's perspective of themselves change/mature with age?
Young children confuse self, mind, and body with things being described generally by size, shape, and color. Then preschoolers start to define themselves in concrete terms like I know my ABC's. Self evaluations are usually unrealistically positive.
In middle and late childhood children's self evaluation becomes more complex. They start to describe themselves with psychological characteristics rather than concrete descriptions. They also begin to include social aspects in their self descriptions. They also begin to compare themselves to their other peers.
In adolescence self-understanding becomes even more complex. They begin to describe themselves in more abstract and idealistic ways. Adolescents are also more self conscious and are preoccupied with their self conscious understanding of themselves. They also begin to contradict themselves, "I'm ugly and beautiful". They also look into who they could potentially become and imagining their "possible self".
What is social referencing? What is its purpose? How does it come into play with the development of the self and identity?
Social referencing is the process wherein infants use the affective displays of an adult to regulate their behaviors toward environmental objects, persons, and situations. The purpose is for infants and young children to watch their parents and learn from them on what behaviors are right and wrong in certain situations. The child can begin to identify with certain behaviors which starts to create their individual identities.
When adolescents are asked to describe themselves, they are more likely than children to...
They will use both abstract and idealistic labels.
What is the ideal-self?
what individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming. This is also known as "possible self"
A child's multiple selves reflect their experiences in navigating their multiple worlds of
family, peers, and school.
Christa reads a story in which some children make fun of another child because that child is physically handicapped. The children are then reprimanded by their teacher for their behavior. Later, some of these same children meet a mentally retarded teenager. After reading the story, Christa is asked, "How do you think the children will react?" Given this description, you would expect that the person studying this situation is interested in....
Perspective taking
Compare and contrast self-esteem and self-concept.
They both are tricky to reliably measure.
Self-esteem refers to a person's self-worth or self-image: a person's global evaluation of the self.
Self-Concept: refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.
How is the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents different from the Self-Perception Profile for Children?
The Adolescent Profile includes sections on job competence, romantic appeal, and close friendships.
What are the ten areas identified as compromising identity?
1. (vocational/career identity)
2. (political identity)
3. (Religious identity)
4. (Relationship identity)
5. (achievement, intellectual identity)
6. (sexual identity)
7. (cultural/ethnic identity)
8. (interests)
9. (personality)
10. (physical identity)
If a child receives empty praise, it is likely that the child will have....
inflated self esteem
What are some ways in which children's self-esteem can be effectively improved?
Identifying the domains of competence important to the child, providing emotional support and social improvement, praising achievement, and encouraging coping.
What are the stages of identity development proposed by Erikson?
Stage One - Trust vs Mistrust. ...
Stage Two - Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt. ...
Stage Three - Initiative vs Guilt. ...
Stage Four - Industry vs Inferiority. ...
Stage Five - Identity vs Role Confusion. ...
Stage Six - Intimacy vs Isolation. ...
Stage Eight - Ego Integrity vs Despair.
What is the psychosocial moratorium?
The gap between childhood security and adult autonomy that adolescents experiences as part of their identity exploration.
The adolescent search for identity is important due to...
their huge number of choices, an increased sense of responsibility, and the search for what they will do.
What are the four statuses of identity involved in resolving the identity crisis? Describe each.
Identity Diffusion: status of an individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments. Show little interest in matters.
Identity Foreclosure: is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis. Occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations of their own.
Identity Moratorium: status of an individual's who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined.
Identity Achievement: status of an individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment.
College sophomore Brandi has made several appointments with her advisor to discuss whether she should continue to major in psychology or switch to art. When talking with her advisor she says "I like the interpersonal aspect of psychology, but I also enjoy the creativity of art." According to James Marcia, Brandi is best thought of as...
Being in a crisis
Concerning identity formation during one's lifetime, the "MAMA" cycles refers to
It goes from Moratorium to achievement to Moratorium to achievement.
What are the two dimensions of connectedness?
Mutuality which involves sensitivity to the respect for others' views
Permeability which involves openness to others' views.
What is ethnic Identity
An enduring aspect of the self that includes. sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that member.
What element affects ethnic identity
Minority status and generational immigration.
How does the textbook define gender? By what age do children seem to be aware of their gender?
The characteristics of people as males and females. Gender identity likely emerges before two years of age.
Compare and contrast gender-roles, gender-identitiy- and gender-typing.
All generally deal with the roles and expectations of how males and females need to act according to masculinity and feminine standards.
Gender-Roles: The set of expectations that prescribe how females and males should act, think, and look.
Gender-Typing: Acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
Gender-Identity: The sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by age 3.
What are estrogens, androgens, and what do they do?
Estrogens: Hormones that influence the development of female physical sex characteristics and help regulate the menstrual cycle.
Androgens: Hormones that promote the development of male genitals and secondly sexual characteristics.
______ emphasize that evolutionary adaptations produced psychological sec differences. They argue that women and men faced different evolutionary pressures in primeval environments when the human species was evolving.
Evolutionary psychologists
Many social scientists, such as Early, locate the cause of psychological sex differences not in biologically evolved dispositions but in....
Contrasting positions and social roles of women and men.
What is emphasized in the social- cognitive theory of gender?
Observation of imitation of gender behavior occurs.
Children are rewarded for gender-appropriate behavior and are punished for gender-inappropriate behavior.
How do mothers and father typically differ in how they interact with their children?
Mothers are more involved with their children and adolescents than fathers. Fathers increase the time they spend when they have a son and are less likely to become divorced when they have sons. Mothers interaction often center around caregiving and teaching activities. Fathers interactions usually involves leisure time.
Peer demands for conformity to gender role become especially intense during...
Adolescence
A mental organizational plan that categorizes behaviors on the basis of "male" or "female" is called a....
Gender Schema
When do children begin to engage in stereotyping?
It is present in 2 year olds, but increases dramatically by 4 years of age.
By the time children enter __________________, they have considerable knowledge about which activities are linked with being male or female.
Elementary School
Researchers have found some differences in the brains of males and females. Which one of these statements does not represent a valid finding of differences?
A) Female Brains are smaller
B)One part of the hypothalamus responsible for sexual behavior is larger in men
C) An area of the parietal
lobe that functions in visuospatial skills is larger in females than males.
D) The area of the brain involved in emotional expression shows more metabolic activity in females.
C. An area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills tends to ACTUALLY be larger in males than females.
What do we know about gender differences and aggression? What is the driving force behind this difference. (Hint that it has something to do with hormones)
Biological factors include hormones and hereditary. Environmental factors include cultural expectations and peer models.
What is relational aggression? How does it differ from physical aggression?
Relational aggression involves harming someone by manipulating a relationship. It can involve trying to make others dislike a certain individual. Physical aggression is more about getting in actual fist fights or throwing objects whereas relational aggression is on the verbal side of aggression.
What is Rapport talk?
What is Report talk?
Rapport talk: language of conversation and a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships. (Feminine based)
Report talk: Talk that convey's information (Male based)
What does it mean to be androgynous? What has been theorized about androgynous individuals?
The presence of masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person. That these people are more flexible, competent, and mentally healthy than other individuals.
What is gender-role transcendence?
The view that when an individual's competence is at issue, it should be conceptualized on a personal basis rather than on the basis of masculinity.
What are morals? What are the four domains of moral development that developmentalists examine?
A person's standards of behavior or beliefs concerning what is and is not acceptable for them to do.
1) empathy; 2) the belief that people are valuable in and of themselves and therefore should be helped; 3) the desire to fulfill moral rules; and 4) self-interest.
Compare and contrast the heteronomous and autonomous stages of morality proposed by Piaget.
Heteronomous is the first stage of moral development occurring from 4-7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, beyond the control of people.
Autonomous is the second stage of moral development occurring from age 10 and up. The child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and that, in judging an action, one should consider the actors intentions as well as the consequences.
Which best describes the reasoning of a child in the heteronomous morality stage?
a. "Did I do that?"
b. "Question authority."
c. "Rules were made to be broken."
d. "Right is right and wrong is wrong."
Right is right and wrong is wrong.
When considering the goodness of an act, what does an autonomous thinker focus on?
a. immediacy of consequences
b. fairness
c. universal conventions
d. intentions of the individual involved
Immediacy of consequences.
What is immanent justice? What stage does this fall under?
Immanent justice is Piaget's concept of the childhood expectation that if a rule is broken punishment will be meted out immediately. It occurs during the heteronomous stage.
What is the difference between the intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions of moral development?
...
Who used moral dilemmas to study moral development?
Jean Piaget
What are the stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? Describe each.
1. Preconventional reasoning: Punishment and obedience orientation,
2. Conventional reasoning: Individuals abide by certain standards, but they are the standard of others.
3. Postconventional reasoning:
Morality is more internal. Consisting of social contract or utility and individual rights.
James
tells his brother Dan, "You should always wear your seat belt because it's against the law not to do so. We should obey the law because it is the right thing to do." At what stage of moral reasoning is James operating?
a. social systems morality
b. individualism and purpose
c. universal-ethical principles
Universal ethical principles.
At what stage of Kohlberg's moral development is morality completely internalized?
The post conventional reasoning stage.
What are ways that children's moral reasoning levels can be raised?
...
When it comes to moral development, peer interaction is very important because it
a. challenges children to change their moral orientation.
b. allows for a give-and-take when taking the perspective
of another person and generates rules regarding the reasoning process.
c. Both answers are correct.
d. Neither of these answers is correct.
Both answers are correct.
What are some of the criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
It places too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough thought on moral behavior.
Compare and contrast the justice perspective of moral development versus the care perspective.
Justice perspective: moral perspective that focuses on the right's of the individuals, individuals independently make moral decisions.
Care perspective: people are assessed in terms of their connectedness with others and the quality of their interpersonal relationships and communications.
Which of the following processes
has been invoked to explain how individuals learn certain responses and why their responses differ from one another?
a. reinforcement
b. punishment
c. imitation
d. all of these
All of these.
What is the difference between moral competence and moral performance?
...
Since her parents value education, Colleen studies
every night, gets As in most of her classes, and doesn't go out with friends on school nights. These activities exemplify Colleen's
a. ego ideal.
b. false self.
c. preconventional reasoning.
d. moral competence.
Ego ideal
When Tim sees his daughter Tess finish second in the national spelling bee, he says to himself, "I'll bet that Tess feels both excited and disappointed." Tim's thought indicates
that he is
a. sharing.
b. a behaviorist.
c. operating at the individualism and purpose stage of moral reasoning.
d. capable of perspective taking.
Capable of perspective taking.
What is global empathy? Give an example of global empathy in an infant.
Young infant's empathetic response in which clear boundaries between the feelings and needs of the self snd those of another have not yet been established.
What do the majority of contemporary developmental psychologists view as the basis for moral behavior in children?
a. instincts
b. past patterns of reinforcement
c. current level of moral reasoning
d. positive and negative feelings
...
What is moral identity? Moral character? Moral exemplars?
Moral Identity: Aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments that are central to their lives.
Moral Character: having strong convictions persisting and overcoming distractions and obstacles.
Moral Exemplars: People who have lived extraordinary lives, having developed their personality, identity, character, and virtue to a level that represents moral excellence.
List the three discipline techniques of parenting discussed in class. Provide examples of each.
Love withdrawal: "I'm going to leave you if you do that again"
Power assertion: spanking threatening, or removing privileges.
Induction: "Don't hit him. He was only trying to help."
How do schools contribute to moral development in children?
They use character education which is a direct educational approach that involves teaching students a basic "moral literacy" trying to prevent them from doing immoral behaviors.
_____ is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community.
a. Community knowledge
b. History involvement
c. Service learning
d. Extra assignment
Service learning.
Which of the
following is not an example of prosocial behavior?
a. caring about the rights and welfare of others
b. feeling concern and empathy
c. acting in a way that puts others second
d. acting in a way that benefits others
acting in a way that puts others second
Altruism is defined as helping someone
a. whom you do not know.
b. who requested your help.
c. without expecting anything in return.
d.
after he or she has first helped you.
without expecting anything in return.
What is juvenile delinquency? What are some causes or risk factors for conduct problems in children?
refers to a great variety of behaviors by an adolescent, ranging from unacceptable behavior to breaking the law.
An important developmental stage of
religious development is
a. adolescence.
b. emerging adulthood.
c. neither of these.
d. both of these.
Both of these.