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Terms in this set (68)
When people at different levels of an organization have authority over people in lower levels of the organization, it creates
a hierarchical authority.
What are some of the reasons the federal bureaucracy has grown so rapidly since the United States was founded?
bureaucrats who wanted more power
increased demands on government
the failures of state government bureaucracies
Which of these duties is not the responsibility of the federal bureaucracy?
running the public schools
The Department of ______ has the smallest number of employees, while the Department of ______ has the largest.
Education; Defense
True or false: Some federal agencies function as independent agencies rather than within a cabinet-level department, because putting the agencies in a department would make their missions subordinate to the department's primary mission.
True
What are characteristics of job specialization in a bureaucracy?
a precise division of labor within the bureaucracy
the explicit definition of duties for each position
The federal bureaucracy experienced its greatest expansion during the
1930s under president Franklin Roosevelt.
U.S. bureaucrats administer ______ of programs.
thousands
Federal departments are each responsible for one
broad policy area
What kind of government agencies make and enforce public policy with regard to a specific type of economic activity?
regulatory
Which of the following are examples of independent agencies?
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
the Central Intelligence Agency
Which of the following statements about presidential commissions is true?
They provide advice to the president on specific issues.
What are the two primary ways to attain a merit-based civil service job?
having specialized training
performing well on a competitive exam
Regulatory agencies were originally created to regulate ______ activities.
economic
Civil servants are prohibited from doing which of the following?
negotiating salaries
striking to get what they want
An organization with specialization of job tasks, vertical chain of command, and standard operating procedures is called
a bureaucracy.
Congress and the president decide how much money each bureaucratic agency will be authorized to spend in the ______ process.
budgetary
Government agencies such as Amtrak that sell a product or service are called
government corporations.
For which type of spending do Congress and the president deliberate over how much money to allocate?
discretionary
The merit system of hiring civil servants was instituted because of the need for a
skilled workforce.
workforce that could serve everyone, not just a particular political party.
Which branch of government is granted constitutional authority over government spending?
legislative
Once the House and Senate vote on their budget bills, what happens next?
Differences in House and Senate bills are reconciled in conference committee.
For what reason are national civil servants prohibited from going on strike?
They are essential to public operations and safety.
The final authority of approving budgets for federal agencies rests with the
members of Congress.
During the budgetary process, federal agencies follow guidelines that
include limits on the amount of money they can request.
Bureaucrats make policy as they fill in the details necessary to implement legislation through the process of
rulemaking.
The House and Senate ______ Committees are responsible for reviewing each agency's budget, which includes interviewing top officials from each federal agency.
Appropriations
For its estimates on government spending and revenues, Congress relies mainly on what organization?
Congressional Budget Office
Regarding pay and benefits, federal employees
receive good fringe benefits, such as full health insurance.
From beginning to end, how long does the budgetary process last?
a year and a half
An agency that is trying to retain or increase its funding would be well advised to
seek support where it can be found, regardless of politics.
Which of the following statements about an administrative agency's implementation of policy is correct?
Bureaucrats can only spend money appropriated by Congress.
Which of the following is not a source of bureaucratic power in promoting an agency's interests?
the support of the general public for the bureaucracy
Which committees in Congress are responsible for reviewing the president's budget and for recommending overall spending and revenue levels?
budget committees
Groups in society that benefit directly from a bureaucratic agency's programs and thus usually lobby Congress and the president on behalf of the agency are known as ______ groups.
clientele
Bureaucratic agencies are at odds with democratic principles because the agencies have
a fixed hierarchy.
workers who serve permanent terms.
What policy perspective tends to dominate over time among most high-ranking bureaucrats who have spent years working in the same agency?
agency point of view
Bureaucrats often have expertise over other government workers because
bureaucrats have trained and worked in specialized areas.
Which of the following are tools available to the president to help hold the bureaucracy accountable and to make them more responsive to the will of the president?
executive orders that force agencies to act
reform panels, such as the Volcker commission
initiatives such as the National Performance Review
True or false: The president submits his budget to Congress in April, where it will undergo varying degrees of change.
False
Bureaucratic agencies can benefit from
focusing on policies a president wants to address
addressing the concerns of voters important to members of congress
What functions, to a degree, as the president's personal bureaucracy?
the Executive Office of the President
Which of the following are actions the president can perform to hold bureaucratic agencies responsible for their actions?
pick leaders for them
budget funds for them
Bill Clinton campaigned on the issue of "reinventing government" and, once elected, put that promise into action through the
National Performance Review.
The role of presidential appointees to a federal bureaucracy is to provide
day-to-day oversight of the bureaucracy.
When attempting to control bureaucracy through reorganization, presidents have generally found what to be most effective?
shifting activities out of agencies and into the Executive Office of the President
The degree to which bureaucrats must answer for the power that they exercise is called
bureaucratic accountability.
Scholar William West has described the Office of Management and Budget's rule-making oversight as
reactive.
Some ways the president exerts control over the bureaucracy include
appointing particular people to head agencies or departments.
issuing executive orders to require bureaucrats to do certain things.
A clause in legislation that sets an expiration date for the authorized program unless Congress reauthorizes it is known as a(n) ______ clause.
sunset
Presidential appointees to which type of federal agency will likely have the most influence?
regulatory agencies
After 9/11 President Bush sought to streamline the intelligence bureaucracy and thus make it more efficient by
consolidating all of the intelligence services under a single director.
How does the court system hold federal bureaucratic agencies accountable?
It reviews the actions of the executive and legislative branches to ensure that they are following the Constitution and the law.
Which of the following organizations provides oversight through review of all agency regulations and policy proposals in order to verify that the benefits outweigh the costs?
Office of Management and Budget
What are some reasons bureaucrats are accountable to Congress?
Congress creates bureaucracies.
Congress funds bureaucracies.
Which of the following statements does not apply to Senior Executive Service (SES) bureaucrats?
SES personnel receive special leadership training.
Since Congress authorizes bureaucratic agencies, the agencies
can be sued in court if a party does not feel that the agency carried out the law properly.
As compared to regular federal judges, administrative law judges
operate less formally.
If Congress is displeased with a bureaucracy's performance or behavior, what are some actions it can take?
cut its budget
modify its authority
Typically, a presidential appointee stays on the job for
two years.
Congress passed the Whistleblower Protection Act for which of the following reasons?
to provide whistleblowers with financial reward for reporting misdeeds
to protect employees from retaliation if they report their supervisors' misdeeds
Which of the following are ways in which accountability is encouraged within bureaucracies?
Senior Executive Service
administrative law judges
whistleblower protections
Top-paying bureaucratic jobs are most likely to be held by
white men.
When citizens believe that they have been harmed by a bureaucratic decision, they can contest the ruling in front of
an administrative law judge.
The case of Bunnatine Greenhouse illustrates what aspect of whistleblowing?
Even with protections in place, whistleblowers put themselves at risk.
Which of the following accurately describe the Senior Executive Service?
They cannot be fired.
Its members are paid more than their peers.
The president can assign them to any position in the bureaucracy.
The idea behind making the federal bureaucracy more demographically representative of the nation as a whole is that it will make the bureaucracy
more responsive to the people it serves.
Which of the following accurately describes the demographic representativeness of the U.S. federal bureaucracy?
At the top levels, white males still dominate the federal bureaucracy.
The bureaucracy as a whole comes close to being representative of the U.S. population.
Women are better represented among the top ranks of administrators than they are in Congress or the judiciary.
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