Which of the following issues of the period was the author most likely concerned within the excerpt?

"No industry will ever be given up, except in order to take up a better one; and if, under free trade, any of our industries should perish, it would only be because the removal of restrictions enabled some other industry to offer so much better rewards, that labor and capital would seek the latter. It is plain that, if a man does not know of any better way to earn his living than the one which he is in, he must remain in that, or move to some other place."
-Source: William Graham Sumner, "Protectionism," 1885

Which of the following developments from the late nineteenth century emerged from ideas most similar to those expressed in the excerpt?

"It is little more than four years ago since I was last in this then almost unknown, but now world-famous, oil region. In the comparatively brief interval that has elapsed everything but the geographic conformation of the country, everything but its mountains and rivers, has been changed. . . .
"Take one instance. Corry, four years ago, was a poor farm where the thinly-scratched soil of cold clay land yielded so little that the whole place, buildings and all, might easily have been purchased at 8 or 10 dols. an acre. . . . I was at Corry the other night. It is a fine rough city of about 10,000 inhabitants. The Atlantic and Great Western Railway, which has opened it up, has its great depot there, and has made it the central exchange of petroleum. It has nearly twenty banks, two newspapers, and the city is now building a large opera-house. The quotations made on the oil exchange at Corry, whether of oil, gold, or breadstuffs, influence Wall-street, and have infinitely greater weight on the trade of the country than anything done throughout all of Pennsylvania.
-Source: "The Oil Regions of Pennsylvania," The Money Market Review: A Weekly Commercial and Financial Journal, Volumes 10-11, 1865

Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt?

"The foreign-born residents of Chicago and of other large cities of the country tend to segregate themselves in separate national groups where, in churches and schools, and in social, fraternal, and national organizations, the speech, the ideals, and to some extent the manner of life of the mother country are zealously preserved and guarded. . . . These children are held in a sense to a double standard; they are inevitably drawn to the American manners and customs which they meet in the school, on the street, and in the factory, while in their own homes the old European standards of life are maintained."
-Source: Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, "Chapter 3: The Child of the Immigrant," The Delinquent Child and the Home, 1917

The excerpt provided is best understood in the context of which of the following?

"Five years ago we had no colored women's clubs outside of those formed for special work; today with little over a month's notice, we are able to call representatives from more than twenty clubs.
". . . we need to talk over those things that are of special interest to us as colored women, the training of our children, openings for our boys and girls . . . how to make the most of our own, to some extent, limited opportunities. These are some of our own peculiar questions to be discussed. Besides these are the general questions of the day, which we cannot afford to be indifferent to: temperance, morality, the higher education, hygienic and domestic questions."
-Source: Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, keynote for the Women's Era Club Conference, 1895

The excerpt most strongly suggests that in 1895 which of the following was correct?

"It is little more than four years ago since I was last in this then almost unknown, but now world-famous, oil region. In the comparatively brief interval that has elapsed everything but the geographic conformation of the country, everything but its mountains and rivers, has been changed. . . .
"Take one instance. Corry, four years ago, was a poor farm where the thinly-scratched soil of cold clay land yielded so little that the whole place, buildings and all, might easily have been purchased at 8 or 10 dols. an acre. . . . I was at Corry the other night. It is a fine rough city of about 10,000 inhabitants. The Atlantic and Great Western Railway, which has opened it up, has its great depot there, and has made it the central exchange of petroleum. It has nearly twenty banks, two newspapers, and the city is now building a large opera-house. The quotations made on the oil exchange at Corry, whether of oil, gold, or breadstuffs, influence Wall-street, and have infinitely greater weight on the trade of the country than anything done throughout all of Pennsylvania.
-Source: "The Oil Regions of Pennsylvania," The Money Market Review: A Weekly Commercial and Financial Journal, Volumes 10-11, 1865
The phenomena described in the excerpt is an example of which of the following developments in the 1860s and 1870s?

"It is little more than four years ago since I was last in this then almost unknown, but now world-famous, oil region. In the comparatively brief interval that has elapsed everything but the geographic conformation of the country, everything but its mountains and rivers, has been changed. . . .
"Take one instance. Corry, four years ago, was a poor farm where the thinly-scratched soil of cold clay land yielded so little that the whole place, buildings and all, might easily have been purchased at 8 or 10 dols. an acre. . . . I was at Corry the other night. It is a fine rough city of about 10,000 inhabitants. The Atlantic and Great Western Railway, which has opened it up, has its great depot there, and has made it the central exchange of petroleum. It has nearly twenty banks, two newspapers, and the city is now building a large opera-house. The quotations made on the oil exchange at Corry, whether of oil, gold, or breadstuffs, influence Wall-street, and have infinitely greater weight on the trade of the country than anything done throughout all of Pennsylvania.
-Source: "The Oil Regions of Pennsylvania," The Money Market Review: A Weekly Commercial and Financial Journal, Volumes 10-11, 1865
Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt?

"Once segregation began, there was no logical place for it to stop. If railroad cars were segregated, why not railroad stations, even ticket windows? If jails were segregated, why not courtrooms, even the Bibles on which witnesses swore? . . . Whites touted segregation as a way to ensure social peace, to reduce conflict in public places, to make sure that blacks received at least some social services. The newer a place or institution, the more certain it was to be segregated."
-Edward L. Ayers, historian, The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction, 2007.
The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following?

"Once segregation began, there was no logical place for it to stop. If railroad cars were segregated, why not railroad stations, even ticket windows? If jails were segregated, why not courtrooms, even the Bibles on which witnesses swore? . . . Whites touted segregation as a way to ensure social peace, to reduce conflict in public places, to make sure that blacks received at least some social services. The newer a place or institution, the more certain it was to be segregated."
-Edward L. Ayers, historian, The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction, 2007.
Which of the following most likely contributed to the rise of segregation described in the excerpt?
Choose 1 answer:

"It is little more than four years ago since I was last in this then almost unknown, but now world-famous, oil region. In the comparatively brief interval that has elapsed everything but the geographic conformation of the country, everything but its mountains and rivers, has been changed. . . .
"Take one instance. Corry, four years ago, was a poor farm where the thinly-scratched soil of cold clay land yielded so little that the whole place, buildings and all, might easily have been purchased at 8 or 10 dols. an acre. . . . I was at Corry the other night. It is a fine rough city of about 10,000 inhabitants. The Atlantic and Great Western Railway, which has opened it up, has its great depot there, and has made it the central exchange of petroleum. It has nearly twenty banks, two newspapers, and the city is now building a large opera-house. The quotations made on the oil exchange at Corry, whether of oil, gold, or breadstuffs, influence Wall-street, and have infinitely greater weight on the trade of the country than anything done throughout all of Pennsylvania.
-Source: "The Oil Regions of Pennsylvania," The Money Market Review: A Weekly Commercial and Financial Journal, Volumes 10-11, 1865
A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?
Choose 1 answer:

"[In] the hills and valleys round about, nature has stored those substances away with unequalled profusion. Besides placing a thick layer of excellent bituminous coal halfway up those winding heights, besides accumulating within them exhaustless supplies of iron, besides sinking under them unfathomable wells of oil and salt water, nature has coiled about their bases a system of navigable streams, all of which form themselves into two rivers, — the Allegheny and Monongahela, — and at Pittsburgh unite to form the Ohio, and give the city access to every port on earth. It is chiefly at Pittsburgh that the products of the Pennsylvania hills and mountains are converted into wealth and distributed over the world."
-Source: James Parton, "Pittsburgh," Atlantic Monthly, 1868
The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

Of the numerous other tariffs increased to protectionist levels after the war, the most abusive examples were the treatment of steel rails and nickel. In the case of steel rails, Congress changed the tariff in 1870 . . . to a specific duty based on weight, which came to $28 per ton. The effect of this change was astronomical due to new efficiencies then developing in the steel industry . . . which caused the price of steel to drop dramatically after 1870. . . . At a time of high demand for railroad materials in the late 1870s, during a period of explosive growth of rail lines, these domestic producers made out like bandits—or, more appropriately, robber barons—until the demand finally tapered off."
-Source: C. Donald Johnson, historian, The Wealth of a Nation: A History of Trade Politics in America, 2018
According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that tariffs had on economic growth during the Gilded Age?

"Of the numerous other tariffs increased to protectionist levels after the war, the most abusive examples were the treatment of steel rails and nickel. In the case of steel rails, Congress changed the tariff in 1870 . . . to a specific duty based on weight, which came to $28 per ton. The effect of this change was astronomical due to new efficiencies then developing in the steel industry . . . which caused the price of steel to drop dramatically after 1870. . . . At a time of high demand for railroad materials in the late 1870s, during a period of explosive growth of rail lines, these domestic producers made out like bandits—or, more appropriately, robber barons—until the demand finally tapered off."
-Source: C. Donald Johnson, historian, The Wealth of a Nation: A History of Trade Politics in America, 2018
The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments?

"[In] the hills and valleys round about, nature has stored those substances away with unequalled profusion. Besides placing a thick layer of excellent bituminous coal halfway up those winding heights, besides accumulating within them exhaustless supplies of iron, besides sinking under them unfathomable wells of oil and salt water, nature has coiled about their bases a system of navigable streams, all of which form themselves into two rivers, — the Allegheny and Monongahela, — and at Pittsburgh unite to form the Ohio, and give the city access to every port on earth. It is chiefly at Pittsburgh that the products of the Pennsylvania hills and mountains are converted into wealth and distributed over the world."
-Source: James Parton, "Pittsburgh," Atlantic Monthly, 1868
A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following aspects of the Gilded Age?

"The inequality between the millionaire capitalist and his [employee] on the verge of pauperism, on the verge of starvation is greater than the difference between the millionaire and his wife, and the [employee] and his wife. The mere demand for equality of the sexes is fine as far as it goes, but to make the working woman the mere equal of the working man in these days of wage reductions, lock-outs, short-time. . . and the rest of the workingman's hardships, is a task which will not arouse much enthusiasm among thinking people. . . . In the absence of a program, the first principle of suffragists that occurs to one's mind is always equality of the sexes. But, at present, the inequality of men among themselves is so frightful that to make each woman (rich or poor) merely equal to the men of her family, or her class, is to leave the sum total of inequality now cursing society almost unchanged."
-Source: Florence Kelley, in a letter to Clara Berwick Colby, 1885
Which of the following issues of the period was the author most likely concerned with in the excerpt?

"Of the numerous other tariffs increased to protectionist levels after the war, the most abusive examples were the treatment of steel rails and nickel. In the case of steel rails, Congress changed the tariff in 1870 . . . to a specific duty based on weight, which came to $28 per ton. The effect of this change was astronomical due to new efficiencies then developing in the steel industry . . . which caused the price of steel to drop dramatically after 1870. . . . At a time of high demand for railroad materials in the late 1870s, during a period of explosive growth of rail lines, these domestic producers made out like bandits—or, more appropriately, robber barons—until the demand finally tapered off."
-Source: C. Donald Johnson, historian, The Wealth of a Nation: A History of Trade Politics in America, 2018
The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the late nineteenth century?

"Although the effects of immigrants on the composition of the U.S. population were apparent by the census of 1870, it was the dramatic shift, between the 1880s and 1900s, in the sources of European immigration to the United States from northwestern countries to southeastern ones that excited and sustained public debate and comment. In 1882 . . . 13.1 percent came from southern and eastern European countries. . . . In 1907, these countries supplied 81 percent of a total of 1,207,619 European immigrants."
-Source: Desmond King, Making Americans: Immigration, Race, and the Origins of the Diverse Democracy, 2009
Which of the following most likely contributed to the increase in immigration from southern and eastern Europe referred to in the excerpt?

"The foreign-born residents of Chicago and of other large cities of the country tend to segregate themselves in separate national groups where, in churches and schools, and in social, fraternal, and national organizations, the speech, the ideals, and to some extent the manner of life of the mother country are zealously preserved and guarded. . . . These children are held in a sense to a double standard; they are inevitably drawn to the American manners and customs which they meet in the school, on the street, and in the factory, while in their own homes the old European standards of life are maintained."
-Source: Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, "Chapter 3: The Child of the Immigrant," The Delinquent Child and the Home, 1917 Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt?

"Although the effects of immigrants on the composition of the U.S. population were apparent by the census of 1870, it was the dramatic shift, between the 1880s and 1900s, in the sources of European immigration to the United States from northwestern countries to southeastern ones that excited and sustained public debate and comment. In 1882 . . . 13.1 percent came from southern and eastern European countries. . . . In 1907, these countries supplied 81 percent of a total of 1,207,619 European immigrants."
-Source: Desmond King, Making Americans: Immigration, Race, and the Origins of the Diverse Democracy, 2009
Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?

"The foreign-born residents of Chicago and of other large cities of the country tend to segregate themselves in separate national groups where, in churches and schools, and in social, fraternal, and national organizations, the speech, the ideals, and to some extent the manner of life of the mother country are zealously preserved and guarded. . . . These children are held in a sense to a double standard; they are inevitably drawn to the American manners and customs which they meet in the school, on the street, and in the factory, while in their own homes the old European standards of life are maintained."
-Source: Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, "Chapter 3: The Child of the Immigrant," The Delinquent Child and the Home, 1917
The excerpt provided is best understood in the context of which of the following?

"The foreign-born residents of Chicago and of other large cities of the country tend to segregate themselves in separate national groups where, in churches and schools, and in social, fraternal, and national organizations, the speech, the ideals, and to some extent the manner of life of the mother country are zealously preserved and guarded. . . . These children are held in a sense to a double standard; they are inevitably drawn to the American manners and customs which they meet in the school, on the street, and in the factory, while in their own homes the old European standards of life are maintained."
-Source: Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, "Chapter 3: The Child of the Immigrant," The Delinquent Child and the Home, 1917
The immigrant neighborhoods described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following characteristics of American society during the period?

"No industry will ever be given up, except in order to take up a better one; and if, under free trade, any of our industries should perish, it would only be because the removal of restrictions enabled some other industry to offer so much better rewards, that labor and capital would seek the latter. It is plain that, if a man does not know of any better way to earn his living than the one which he is in, he must remain in that, or move to some other place."
-Source: William Graham Sumner, "Protectionism," 1885
Which of the following issues of the period was Sumner most likely concerned within the excerpt?

"No industry will ever be given up, except in order to take up a better one; and if, under free trade, any of our industries should perish, it would only be because the removal of restrictions enabled some other industry to offer so much better rewards, that labor and capital would seek the latter. It is plain that, if a man does not know of any better way to earn his living than the one which he is in, he must remain in that, or move to some other place."
-Source: William Graham Sumner, "Protectionism," 1885
Based on the excerpt, Sumner would be likely to support which of the following?

"Five years ago we had no colored women's clubs outside of those formed for special work; today with little over a month's notice, we are able to call representatives from more than twenty clubs.
". . . we need to talk over those things that are of special interest to us as colored women, the training of our children, openings for our boys and girls . . . how to make the most of our own, to some extent, limited opportunities. These are some of our own peculiar questions to be discussed. Besides these are the general questions of the day, which we cannot afford to be indifferent to: temperance, morality, the higher education, hygienic and domestic questions."
-Source: Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, keynote for the Women's Era Club Conference, 1895
The key concern that the excerpt was designed to address was the:

"No industry will ever be given up, except in order to take up a better one; and if, under free trade, any of our industries should perish, it would only be because the removal of restrictions enabled some other industry to offer so much better rewards, that labor and capital would seek the latter. It is plain that, if a man does not know of any better way to earn his living than the one which he is in, he must remain in that, or move to some other place."
-Source: William Graham Sumner, "Protectionism," 1885
Which of the following developments from the late nineteenth century emerged from ideas most similar to those expressed in the excerpt?

"Five years ago we had no colored women's clubs outside of those formed for special work; today with little over a month's notice, we are able to call representatives from more than twenty clubs.
". . . we need to talk over those things that are of special interest to us as colored women, the training of our children, openings for our boys and girls . . . how to make the most of our own, to some extent, limited opportunities. These are some of our own peculiar questions to be discussed. Besides these are the general questions of the day, which we cannot afford to be indifferent to: temperance, morality, the higher education, hygienic and domestic questions."
-Source: Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, keynote for the Women's Era Club Conference, 1895
The excerpt most strongly suggests that in 1895 which of the following was correct?

"Five years ago we had no colored women's clubs outside of those formed for special work; today with little over a month's notice, we are able to call representatives from more than twenty clubs.
". . . we need to talk over those things that are of special interest to us as colored women, the training of our children, openings for our boys and girls . . . how to make the most of our own, to some extent, limited opportunities. These are some of our own peculiar questions to be discussed. Besides these are the general questions of the day, which we cannot afford to be indifferent to: temperance, morality, the higher education, hygienic and domestic questions."
-Source: Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, keynote for the Women's Era Club Conference, 1895
A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

Which of the following best describes Jefferson's point of view about government in the excerpt?

Which of the following was the most significant impact of the American and French revolutions described in the excerpt?

Which of the following describes a difference between Washington's and pillow's arguments in the excerpts?

Which of the following arguments about American imperialism does the image most strongly support?