An effective radiation safety program requires a firm commitment to radiation safety by:

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Chapters 1 and 2
How do you ensure radiation safety?
What are the three principles of radiation protection?
What are the main guidelines which are used to set radiation protection standards?
What is the standard method for protection against radiation?

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Chapters 1 and 2

Question	Answer
Al equivalent dose as low as 0.25 Sv (25 rem) delivered to the whole body may cause __________within a few days?	a decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood
Which of the following increases radiation exposure for both the patient and the radiographer?	Repeated radiographic exposures as a result of technical error or carelessness
A patient may elect to assume the risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic medical information when:A)Illness occurs, B) inJUry occurs C) a specific imaging procedure for health screening purposes is prudent	all of the above
Occupational and non occupational doses will remain well below maximum allowable levels when	Radiographers and radiologists keep exposure as low as reasonably achievable.
Which commonly used building materials contain(s) radon?	a.Bricks c.Concrete b.Gypsum wallboard
What do airport surveillance systems; ionization type smoke detectors; older, luminous dial timepieces; nuclear power plants; and false teeth made of porcelain have in common?	They are all sources of manmade radiation.
Repetition of a radiographic exposure because of poor patient positioning results in	An increase in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer
From which of the following sources do human beings receive the largest dose of ionizing radiation?	Medical radiation procedures
Which of the following is the total average annual effective dose from manmade and natural radiation?	3.6 mSv (360 mrem) per year
Any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained or that does not enhance the quality of a radiologic examination is called	Unnecessary radiation
Which of the following is a naturally occurring process by which instability of the nucleus is relieved through various types of nuclear spontaneous emissions?	Radioactive decay
During the__________, an atomic cloud was created by a 37 kiloton testing device that was exploded from a balloon at tht Nevada test site. The atomic cloud, which contained manmade ionizing radiation, ascended approximately 43,000 feet.	Priscilla Test
An effective radiation safety program requires commitment to radiation safety by:1. facilities providing imaging services 2. radiation workers 3. patients	1 and 2 only
Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation.	radiation protection
The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in a patient.	diagnostic efficacy
Traditional unit of measure for the EqD.	rem
Damage to living tissue of animals and human beings exposed to radiation.	biological effects
Biologic effects of ionizing radiation or other agents on generations yet unborn.	genetic damage
Electric and magnetic fields that fluctuate rapidly as they travel through space, including radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and x-rays.	electromagnetic wave
Genetic or somatic changes in a living organism (e.g., mutation,cataracts, and leukemia) caused by excessive cellular damage fromexposure to ionizing radiation.	organic damage
Radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes when a person receives exposure from various types of ionizing radiation. Used to numerically specify the differences in biologic harm that are produced by different types of radiation.	EqD equivelent dose
Radiation quantity that takes into account the dose of all types of ionizing radiation to irradiated organs or tissues in the human body. and chance of each of those body parts for developing a radiation-induced cancer or the risk for genetic damage).	EfD effective dose
SI unit of measure for the EqD.	rem
Method for comparing the amount of radiation received from a radiologic procedure with natural background radiation received over a given period.	BERT
Produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions) when passing through matter.	ionizing radiation
The full range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves.	electromagnetic spectrum
Energy that passes from one location to another.	radiation
Injury on the cellular level caused by sufficient exposure to ionizing radiation at the molecular level.	cellular damage
Acronym for as low as reasonably achievable.	ALARA
Rays of extraterrestrial origin that result from nuclear interactions that have taken place in the sun and other stars.	cosmic rays
Long-lived radioactive elements present in variable quantities in the earth's crust; they emit densely ionizing radiations.	terrestrial radiation
Contains two protons and two neutrons.	alpha particle
Natural sources of ionizing radiation that become increased because of accidental or deliberate human actions, such as mining.	enhanced natural sources
Identical to high-speed electrons, except they are emitted from the nuclei of radioactive atoms instead of originating in atomic shells.	beta particle
The number of protons contained within the nucleus of an atom.	atomic number, Z number
Positively charged components of an atom.	protons
Radiation produced as a consequence of nuclear weapons testing and chemical explosions in nuclear power plants.	fallout
An unstable nucleus that emits one or more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability.	radionuclide
According to NCRP Report No. 160, which reflects usage patterns through 2006, radon and thoron account for what percent of natural background radiation exposure?	37%
As of 1987, manmade radiation contributed what amount of mSv (mrem) to the annual exposure of the U.S. population?	0.65 (65)
When are human beings in closer contact with extraterrestrial radiation?	A flight on a commercial airplane
As of 1987, medical radiation exposure from the use of diagnostic x-ray machines and radiopharmaceuti¬cals collectively accounted for approximately what amount of the average annual- individual effective dose of ionizing radiation?	0.54 mSv (54 mrem)
Which is a radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes that attempts to numerically specify the differences in biologic harm that is produced by different types of radiation?	equivalent dose
The project launched in the Republic of Belarus in 1996, in the aftermath of the Chemobyl nuclear accident, to empower local citi¬zens in making their own decisions regarding recon¬struction of their overall quality of life; this project was known as the:	ETHOS Project
Any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained for the clinical management of medical needs or that does not enhance the quality of a radiologic examination is called:	Unnecessary radiation
The amount of radiation a patient receives may be indicated in terms of:1. Entrance skin exposure2. Bone marrow dose3. Gonadal dose	all of the above
When an imaging procedure is justified in terms of medical necessity, diagnostic efficacy is achieved when optimal-quality images, revealing the presence or absence of disease, are obtained with:	Minimal radiation exposure
Ultraviolet radiation below 10 e V, visible light, infra¬red rays, microwaves, and radio waves are consid¬ered to be nonionizing because they:	Do not have sufficient kinetic energy to eject electrons from atoms
Which of the following is a naturally occurring pro¬cess by which instability of the nucleus is relieved' through / various types of nuclear spontaneous emissions?	Radioactive decay
Effective radiation protection measures take intoconsideration:	1. Both human and environmental physical determinants 2. Technical elements 3. Procedural factors
Radioactive elements in the earth's crust and in the human body may be classified as	Natural sources of ionizing radiation
The most effective tool(s) for diagnosing breast can¬cer continue to be:	Mammography
The millisievert (mSv), a subunit of the sievert, is equal to:	1/1000 of a sievert
Repetition of a radiographic exposure because of poor patient positioning results in	an increase in total radiation exposure to the patient and radiographer
1. When a technical exposure factor of 1O0kVp is selected, which of the following occurs?	The energy of the average photon in the x-ray beam is about 33keV.
2. The passage of x-ray photons through a patient with¬out interaction is called:	Direct transmission
3. In which of the following x-ray interactions with matter is the energy of the incident photon completely absorbed?	Photoelectric
4. What is the result of coherent scattering?	Usually just a small angle change in the direction of the incident photon
5. A technical exposure factor of 1O0kVp means that the electrons bombarding the anode ofthe x-ray tube have a maximum energy of:	1O0,000eV, or 1O0keV
6. A Compton-scattered electron:	Is absorbed within a few microns ofthe site of the original Compton interaction
7. Most scattered radiation produced during radiographic procedures is the direct result of which of the following?	Compton interactions
8. A reduction in the number of primary photons in the x-ray beam through absorption and scatter as the beam passes through the patient in its path defines:	Attenuation
9. Before interacting with matter, an incoming x-ray photon may be referred to as which of the following?	Primary photon
10. Within the energy range of diagnostic radiology that includes mammography (23 to 150kVp), when kVp is decreased, the patient dose:	Increases
11. Which of the following statements best describes mass density?	it is measured in grams per cubic centimeter
12. Of the following interactions between x-radiation and matter, which does not occur in the range of diagnostic radiology?1. Photoelectric absorption 2. Pair production 3. Photodisintegration	2 and 3 only
13. For a diagnostic radiologic examination, the selec¬tion of technical exposure factors using an optimal kVp and mAs combination:	Produces an x-ray image of acceptable quality while minimizing patient dose
14. The quality, or penetrating power, of an x-ray beam is controlled by:	kVp
15. Small-angle scatter:	Degrades the appearance of a completed radio¬graphic image by blurring the sharp outlines of dense objects
16. Within the energy range of diagnostic radiology, as absorption of electromagnetic energy in biologic tissue increases, the potential for biologic damage:	Increases
17. Which of the following terms are synonymous? 1. Coherent scattering 2. Classical scattering 3. Unmodified scattering.	1, 2, and 3
18. Noninteracting and small-angle scattered photons compnse:	Exit, or image formation, radiation
19. Direct transmission means that x-ray photons:	Pass through biologic tissue without interaction
20. Which of the following has the same mass and magnitude of charge as a negatron?	Positron
21. Which of the following interactions between x-radiation and matter does not occur within the range of diagnostic radiology?	Pair production
22. kVp controls:	Quality, or penetrating power, of the photons in the x-ray beam
23. Primary radiation is synonymous with:	Direct radiation
24. Which of the following are radiographic Image receptors?1. Radiographic grid 2. Digital radiography receptor 3. Phosphor plate 4. Radiographic film	. 2, 3, and 4 only
25. The process most responsible for the contrast between bone and soft tissue in a diagnostic radio¬graphic image is:	Photoelectric absorption
2. What contributes significantly to the exposure of the radiographer?	Compton-scattered photons
3. What defines attenuation?	Absorption and scatter
4. In the radiographic kV range, what structures will undergo the most photoelectric absorption?	Compact bone
5. In which x-ray interaction with matter is the energy of the incident photon partially absorbed?	Compton
6. When a high atomic	solution is either injested or injected into human tissue or a structure to visualize it during an imaging procedure, what occurs?
7. What characteristics primarily differentiate the probability of occurrence of the various interactions of x-radiation with human tissue?	Energy of the incoming photon
8. What influences attenuation?	Effective atomic
9. A decrease in contrast of the image by adding an additional, unwanted density (fog) results from what interaction between x-radiation and matter?	Compton scattering
10. The interactions of x-ray photons with any atoms of biologic matter are:	Random in nature, and therefore the effects of such interactions cannot be predicted with certainty
1. A pt may elect to assume the relatively small risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic medical information when:	illness occurs, injury occurs, or a specific imaging procedure for health screening purposes is prudent
2. Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard pts, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation defines:	radiation protection
3. Which of the following is a method that can be used to answer pt questions about the amount of radiation received from a radiographic procedure?	BERT
4. The term optimization for radiation protection (ORP) is synonomous with the term:	As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)
5. Which of the following are natural sources of ionizing radiation?	Radioactive elements in the crust of the earth and in the human body
6. An equivalent dose as low as 0.25 SV (25 rem) delivered to the whole body may cause which of the following within a few days?	A decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the circulation blood
7. The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in the pt defines which of the following terms?	Diagnostic efficacy
8. Which of the following was the total average annual effective dose from manmade and natural radiation as of 1987?	3.6 mSv (360 mrem) per year
9. An effective radiation safety program requires a firm commitment to radiation safety by:	facilities providing imaging services and radiation workers
10. Which of the following is recognized as the main adverse health effect from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power accident?	Increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents

How do you ensure radiation safety?

Personal protective equipment also protects our patients. Patients should wear protective gowns in areas not being imaged, whether in plain radiographs, fluoroscopy, or CT scans. Leaded eyeglasses and should be at least 0.25 mm lead equivalents to provide adequate protection for the lens of the eye.

What are the three principles of radiation protection?

To do this, you can use three basic protective measures in radiation safety: time, distance, and shielding.

What are the main guidelines which are used to set radiation protection standards?

The ICRP system of radiation protection is based on three fundamental principles: justification, optimisation and dose limitation.

What is the standard method for protection against radiation?

Examples of commonly used PPE for radiation protection from X-rays and gamma rays include: Lead aprons or vests. Wearing lead aprons can reduce a worker's radiation dose. Customized lead (or lead equivalent) aprons are available for a wide range of occupational settings and job tasks.

An effective radiation safety program requires a firm commitment to radiation safety by:

Chapters 1 and 2

How do you ensure radiation safety?

What are the three principles of radiation protection?

What are the main guidelines which are used to set radiation protection standards?

What is the standard method for protection against radiation?

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