Abstract Policy makers have long recognized the importance of achieving a representative federal bureaucracy, but the four most recent presidents have expressed divergent views about policies designed to achieve this goal. Meanwhile, there have been widespread perceptions among federal employees that the administrations' ideologies have had a direct impact on the opportunities of minorities, women, and white men for advancement. Using government-wide data from 1979 to 1996, this article examines whether such employment opportunities have varied in the manner suggested by these perceptions. We find little evidence of a correlation between the president's views on affirmative action and minority and female representation in the overall federal workforce. Moreover, the curtailment of promotion opportunities during the Reagan and Clinton administrations has affected all groups nearly equally. Potential presidential influence has been more notable in the representation of women and minorities in politically appointed and career senior executive jobs. We conclude that equal employment opportunity and affirmative action policies have remained basically intact during the 18-year period, but that recent court decisions, along with efforts to reduce the size of government, may slow progress toward achieving a representative bureaucracy. Show
Journal Information Public Administration Review has been the premier journal in the field of public administration research and theory for more than 75 years, and is the only journal in public administration that serves academics, practitioners, and students interested in the public sector and public sector management. Articles identify and analyze current trends, provide a factual basis for decision making, stimulate discussion, and make the leading literature in the field available in an easily accessible format. Publisher Information Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research; professional development; and education. Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising; professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications; and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Wiley has published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. Wiley has partnerships with many of the world’s leading societies and publishes over 1,500 peer-reviewed journals and 1,500+ new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols in STMS subjects. With a growing open access offering, Wiley is committed to the widest possible dissemination of and access to the content we publish and supports all sustainable models of access. Our online platform, Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) is one of the world’s most extensive multidisciplinary collections of online resources, covering life, health, social and physical sciences, and humanities. Rights & Usage This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Since reliable data first became available shortly before World War II, the percentage of all employed people working for the federal government hit an all-time low in December. An article at Business Insider picked up on the big picture trend, noting that the number of total government employees in the workforce was lower than it had been in a half-century. They had a version of this graph, showing that the declining number of government jobs in recent years has meant that a smaller and smaller percentage of the expanding workforce is comprised of government employees. The last time the figure was this low was in the Eisenhower administration. But that data breaks down into sub-groups: government employees at the federal, state, and local level. When you compare that to the overall national employee pool, you can see different sorts of movement. Local has dropped off quickly, state and federal less so. (The spikes on the federal line coincide with the Census.) If you break out the data on federal employees (which goes back further than the other two), you see the point mentioned at the top of this post. Less than two percent -- 1.94 percent, to be precise -- of the total United States workforce is employed by the federal government. (The peak in the 1940s was World War II.) This isn't all a function of recent political opposition to big government; the trend began in the 1950s. But it does run counter to a common perception of an ever-expanding bureaucratic state. When did the largest growth in the federal workforce occur?With the American entry into World War II in 1941, the needs of the war elevated the number of federal agencies and employees even more. During those 12 Roosevelt years, the total number of federal employees increased from a little over half a million in 1933 to an all time high of more than 3.5 million in 1945.
Which of the following statements best characterizes the government's spending on federal contracts in recent years quizlet?Which of the following statements best characterizes the government's spending on federal contracts in recent years? The amount of spending on federal contracts has increased significantly overall since 2000, but for the first time in 13 years, spending on outside contractors declined in 2011.
What is an independent agency quizlet Chapter 14?It is an agency that performs and charges for services usually provided by the private sector.
What is when bureaucrats attempt to translate laws into specific rules and actions?Implementation is defined as the efforts of departments and agencies to translate laws into specific bureaucratic rules and actions.
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As a percentage of the federal workforce, federal employment has increased since the 1950s.
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