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license Open access • Undertakes a multidisciplinary analysis of literature on advanced information and communication technologies. Examines how industry 4.0 impacts on international business activities. •Proposes implications of findings on industry 4.0 impacts outside IB on future IB research. •Highlights drivers of technology utilization by multinational firms and likely outcomes. AbstractAdvanced digital technologies, such as the Internet of Things, blockchain, big data analytics and augmented reality, are gradually transforming the way multinational firms do business. Due to the extent of this transformation many scholars argue that the integration of these technologies marks the commencement of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). However, the question how these advanced technologies impact international business activities needs further attention. To this end, we adopt a multidisciplinary approach to review the related literature in international business (IB), general management, information systems, and operations research. We include the two latter fields, because advanced technologies have received more attention in these bodies of literature. Based on our analysis, we discuss the implications of these technologies for international business. Further, we highlight the drivers of technology utilisation by multinational firms and likely outcomes. We also provide future research avenues. KeywordsAdvanced technology Industry 4.0 Digitalization Global value chains International business Information and communication technology (ICT) Internet Artificial intelligence (AI) 3D printing Cited by (0)Alan A. Ahi (PhD, LUT University, FI) is a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Helsinki, Forest Economics and Marketing Research Unit. Prior to this position, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the School of Business and Management, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland. His research interests include broad areas of international business and entrepreneurship, with a current focus on environmental sustainability and digital technologies. His work has been published in journals such as Journal of International Marketing, European Business Review and Critical Perspectives on International Business and as chapter contributions to edited volumes. E-mail: [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000–0003–1039–5408 Noemi Sinkovics (PhD, The University of Manchester, UK) is Senior Lecturer in International Business at Glasgow University, Adam Smith Business School, UK. Prior to that, she worked at The University of Auckland, NZ and The University of Manchester, UK. Her research interests are theoretical and practical issues around entrepreneurship (including international and social entrepreneurship) and social, environmental and economic upgrading in global value chains. Her work has been published in International Business Review, International Marketing Review, Journal of Business Research, Journal of World Business, Management International Review, Journal of International Management, European Journal of International Management, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Critical Perspectives on International Business and as chapter contributions to edited volumes. Email: [email protected], https://www.sinkovics.com/noemi Yelnur Shildibekov (PhD scholar, The University of Manchester, UK) is Teaching Assistant in Financial and Digital Innovations in International Business at Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester. His current research interests include Industry 4.0 and the technologies, global value chains and inter-organizational relationships. Email: [email protected] Rudolf R. Sinkovics (PhD, WU-Vienna, AT) is Professor of International Business at Glasgow University, Adam Smith Business School, UK, and Visiting Professor at Lappeenranta/Lahti University of Technology, Finland. His research covers issues of inter-organizational governance, and the role of ICT, with a current focus on responsible business. His work has been published in journals such as Journal of International Business Studies, Management International Review, Journal of World Business, International Business Review, Journal of International Management, Journal of Business Research, Journal of International Marketing and International Marketing Review. He is co-editor-in-chief for critical perspectives on international business, Consulting editor for Journal of World Business and Associate editor for Transnational Corporations and serves on a number of editorial boards. E-mail: [email protected], https://www.sinkovics.com/rudolf. Nikolay Mehandjiev (PhD, The University of Hull) is a Professor of Enterprise Information Systems at the Alliance Manchester Business School, the University of Manchester. He researches digital technology and its transforming role for the industry, and the role of end users in customizing and adapting technology. His most recent collaborative project on demand-driven supply networks within Industry 4.0 is funded by the EC H2020 program and involves Airbus and Comau. Mehandjiev has published more than 150 peer-reviewed research outputs and has edited three special issues of international journals. He has held visiting positions with SAP Research Lab, Atos Origin SAE, BT Research Labs. Email: [email protected] © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Is an e mail from a source other than the source it appears to be from that requests data from you?It's called email spoofing and it can make the job of spotting scams more difficult. Email spoofing is a form of impersonation where a scammer creates an email message with a forged sender address in hopes of deceiving the recipient into thinking the email originated from someone other than the actual source.
What are two reasons that many companies strive for high quality products with zero defects?The clear advantage of achieving a zero-defect level is waste and cost reduction when building products to customer specifications. Zero defects mean higher customer satisfaction and improved customer loyalty, which invariably leads to better sales and profits.
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Computer system can disrupt shipments and can have a significant impact on a business.
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