Ad Show
 AdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAdAd
Next SlideShares Exercise stress test (exercise ECG) protocols & equipment: cycle ergometeter (bicycle) vs. treadmillChoice of exercise equipment and protocol depend mainly on local traditions. Treadmill and cycle ergometer (bicycle) are the most frequently used test methods. Cycle ergometer is preferred in Europe, while treadmill testing is predominant in the United States. Treadmill and cycle ergometer both have their advantages and disadvantages, which will be discussed below. The basic principles of exercise test protocols will also be discussed in this article. Metabolic equivalent (MET): measuring oxygen consumptionEstimation of oxygen consumption is central to assessment of exercise capacity. Metabolic equivalents (METs) can be used to estimate the energy cost of physical activity. One metabolic equivalent (1 MET) is defined as the amount of oxygen consumed while sitting at rest and is equal to 3.5 ml O2 per kg weight × min. Metabolic equivalents are used because the concept offers an easy way of expressing energy cost of any exercise. The energy cost is expressed as multiples of the resting metabolic rate. For example, 5 METs implies that the energy cost of activity is equal to five times the energy consumption at rest (sitting). METs may be used to describe the functional capacity during exercise stress testing. Results of treadmill tests are typically described in METs, whereas energy expenditure during bicycle ergometry is typically expressed in kilopond meters per minute. Note that kilopond meters per minute can be convereted to Watts (1 kilopond meter per minute = 0.1634 Watt). Protocols for clinical exercise testing generally include an initial warm-up period (at low workload), followed by a successive (graded) increase in work load. The increase in work load occurs with predefined time intervals. A recovery period, during which the patient is still carefully observed, follows after the exercise effort is terminated. Treadmill testingThe treadmill is equipped with front and/or side rails. The subject should not grab the rails, because doing so reduces the workload by supporting body weight. However, occassional holding of the rails to maintain balance may be necessary and allowed. Treadmill speed varies from 1.6 km/h (1 mph) to 13 km/h (8 mph). Elevation of the treadmill (i.e increase of the slope) is possible, typically up to 20%. There are standardized tables which may be used to estimate the metabolic cost (in METs) of the treadmill work by assessing speed (km or mph) and elevation (%). Work intensity is genereally higher with treadmill testing, as compared with bicycle ergometry. However, treadmill testing requires that the subject is capable of running and there is a risk of falling. There are several exercise protocols for the treadmill. The most common ones are the standard Bruce protocol and the modified Bruce protocol.The Cornell protocol may be preferreed in patients with lower exercise tolerance. Bicycle ergometryExercise on a cycle is less intense than on a treadmill due to the fact that the cycle is actually weight bearing. Modern equipment is sophisticated and may accommodate the resistance to the pedaling speed (resistance increases at lower speed, and vice versa). The cycle ergometer is cheaper than the treadmill and it requires less space in the laboratory. Measuring blood pressure is easier on cycle than on the treadmill. Importantly, the ECG is easier to record and there are fewer artefacts on cycle as compared with treadmill. Exercise resistance is usually measured in Watts (W). It is conventional to initiate exercise at 40 W for women and 50 W for men. Resistance is then increased with 15 W for females and 15–30 W for males every other minute. Resistance can be increased faster for well-trained subjects. The total duration of the exercise test should be 7 to 10 minutes. By then the patient should have reached the maximum capacity. Although clinicians typically use Watts to judge exercise capacity and workload, it is possible to translate Watts to oxygen uptake in milliliters per minute (using standardized tables). METs may be calculated by dividing oxygen uptake per minute with the product of 3.5 × bodyweight (kilograms). A drawback of cycle ergometry is the dependency on the quadriceps muscles, which usually limits exercise tolerance due to discomfort in these muscles. Hence, the cycle runs the risk of terminating the test prematurely before reaching the maximum oxygen uptake. This risk is greatest in persons not used to cycling; indeed, in those persons the achieved oxygen uptake may be up to 20% lower than the maximum oxygen uptake. Reliability as a function of workloadIn order for the exercise test to be reliable, the patient must perform maximally, without risking serious complications. The instructor may facilitate this by supporting and motivating the patient during the entire procedure. If the achieved workload is not sufficient, the reliability and thus usefulness of the test will be inadequate. The whole purpose of the exercise ECG is to provoke physiological reactions which are not noticeable at rest. Hence, the examination may only be considered conclusive if the achieved workload is sufficient to provoke symptoms/signs that are not noticeable during rest. As a rule of thumb the patient must achieve 85% of the (age-adjusted) expected maximum heart rate, which can be estimated using the following formula: Accordingly, a 65 year old male is estimated to have a maximum heart rate of 208-65*0.7, which equals approoximately 163 beats per minute; and 85% of 163 is roughly 140. That male should therefore achieve a heart rate of 140 beats per minute for the exercise test to be reliable. It should be noted that 85% is an arbitrary number and the exercise test must never be terminated once the patient has reached 85% of the expected maximum heart rate. The reasons for this follows:
It is therefore recommended that the 85% cut-off be used only as a guiding principle rather than an absolute rule. Evaluation of the exercise stress test: parameters to assessEvaluation of the exercise stress test is based on several parameters which must be assessed continuously during the procedure. These parameters are listed in the table below and discussed in detail in subsequent chapters.
Evaluation of ECG / EKG reactionA 12-lead ECG is recorded at rest, before the exercise test begins. That initial ECG is used as a baseline ECG and all subsequent ECGs (recorded during exercise) will be compared to it. In order to reduce artefacts from muscles and movements the ECG machine presentes a signal averaged ECG, which means that several consecutive ECG curves (waveforms) are averaged, which yields a clearer ECG curve. These signal averaged ECG curves are continuously updated so that the clinician can monitor ECG changes in real time. Note that the ECG machines detects ventricular extrasystoles (premature ventricular beats) and excludes them from the signal averaged ECG. A separate rhythm strip is always available so that the clinician can monitor the frequency of ventricular extrasystoles. ECG changes and their implications will be discussed in detail in subsequent articles. The recovery period after termination of exerciseThe recovery period starts immediately once the patient stops cycling/running. The patient is placed in supine position (i.e lying horizontally) which increases the venous return to the heart. The increased venous return will subsequently increase cardiac preload (a greater blood volume is returned to the left ventricle). Increased preload causes increased workload on the myocardium of the left ventricle and that may provoke myocardial ischemia due to increased oxygen consumption in the myoardium. Some patients only display ischemic ECG changes during the recovery period. Note that ECG recording continues during the entire recovery period, which is usually 6 to 8 minutes. The exercise test is terminated once all parameters (listed above) have returned to baseline values. The exercise test is terminated when (1) symptoms are limiting the patient from continuing; (2) when formal termination criteria are fulfilled (defined below) or (3) when the test is completed. Termination criteriaA plethora of studies conducted in the past few decades show that exercise stress testing is a safe procedure. The risk of complications is low, despite the fact that many participants have significant heart disease, including ischemic heart disease. However, one must always conduct tests with caution and terminate the test if the risk of complications is elevated. Hence, there are absolute and relative criteria for terminating a stress test. Absolute termination criteriaThe exercise test should be terminated in each of the following scenarios:
Relative termination criteriaIn each of the scenarios listead below, one should consider terminating the test:
When performing a graded exercise test how long should the test take?The test usually takes 30-45 minutes, including set up, exercise time and recovery.
How is exercise testing done?A stress test usually involves walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while your heart rhythm, blood pressure and breathing are monitored. Or you'll receive a drug that mimics the effects of exercise.
How many minutes is good on a stress test?A PET stress test can usually be performed in around 30 minutes. The test usually takes three to four hours, but you exercise for less than 15 minutes.
What are the stages of a stress test?Maximum Heart Rate = 220 - Age. What are the 4 modes of exercise testing?Maximal test (exercise stress test; EST) Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) Submaximal test (six-minute walk test; 6MWT) Submaximal treadmill test.
Is 6 minutes on a stress test good?Franklin. “Generally a test should last 8 to 12 minutes, unless it is prematurely stopped due to fatigue or abnormal signs/symptoms. Patients who remain on the treadmill for 7 minutes or longer are in good to excellent physical condition.”
|
How long should the therapist wait before taking the measurement for each exercise test stage?
zusammenhängende Posts
Urheberrechte © © 2024 paraquee Inc.
