Terms in this set (44)How many complexes are there in the electron transport chain, including oxidative phosphorylation? 5 What is the name of complex 1 of the electron transport chain? What is its function? How many protons does it pump out from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space? NADH-Q reductase. Its job is to take electrons from NADH. The electrons are then passed to coenzyme Q. As the electrons travel through complex 1 there is enough energy to pump 4 protons to the intermembrane space. What is the name of complex 2 of the electron transport chain? What is its function? How many protons does it pump out from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space? Succinate-Q reductase. Its job is to take electrons from FADH2 and transfer them onto coenyzme Q. Because FADH2 has a lower electron transfer potential (than NADH) no protons are pumped into the intermembrane space. What is the name of complex 3 of the electron transport chain? What is its function? How many protons does it pump out from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space? Q-cytochrome c reductase. Its job is to take electrons from coenzyme Q and dump them on cytochrome C. As the electrons travel through complex III there is enough energy to transport 4 protons to the intermembrane space. What is the name of complex 4 of the electron transport chain? What is its function? How many protons does it pump out from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space? Cytochrome c oxidase Its job is to take electrons from cytochrome c and then dump them onto molecular oxygen to form water. As the electrons travel through complex IV, there is enough energy to transfer 2 protons to the intermembrane space. What is the name of complex 5 of the electron transport chain? ATP synthase What is the basic principle behind the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation? (how does it make ATP) You create a proton gradient on one side of the mitochondrial membrane by transporting electrons/hydrogens through complexes and then use that gradient to power ATP synthase to create ATP out of ADP. What is coenzyme Q? What is its job? Coenyzme Q receives electrons from complex I and II in the electron transport chain and transfers them to complex III. It is also called ubiquinone True or False: In the electron transport chain, electrons flow in this order: complex I --> complex II --> coenzyme Q. False. Electrons flow directly from complex I and II to coenzyme Q. What is cytochrome C? What is its job in the electron transport chain? This is a hydrophilic molecule in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. Besides the electron transport chain, it also has a role in apoptosis. Its job in the ETC is to take electrons from complex III and dump them into complex IV. In total, how many protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix out to the intermembrane space for each round of the electron transport chain? 10. What is the only complex in the electron transport chain that does not pump protons out from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space? Complex II. Into which complex of the electron transport chain does NADH from the TCA cycle dump its electrons? Complex I Into which complex of the electron transport chain does FADH2 from the TCA cycle dump its electrons? Complex II In general, the molecule (half reaction) that has the most negative electron transfer potential will: A. Retain their electrons Donate. Tell where the following prostethic groups are located in the ETC: 1. FMN (flavin mononucleotide) 1. FMN (flavin mononucleotide): Complex 1 Which of the following is a two electron carrier? Which is a one electron carrier? 1. Coenzyme Q Coenzyme Q is a two electron carrier. Cytochrome c is a one electron carrier.
Explain the transfer of electrons through complex 1 starting with NADH. The electrons move as follows: Explain the transfer of electrons through complex 2a starting with FADH2. The electrons move as follows: What is coenzyme Qh2? This is coenzyme Q when it has 2 electrons added to it. Explain the transfer of electrons through complex 3 starting with coenzyme Q. This is split up into two halves. 2nd half Explain the transfer of electrons through complex 4 starting from cytochrome c and ending with water. Explain which parts of the reaction come from 1 NADH molecule and which come from a second NADH molecule. This reaction happens as a result of 2 NADH molecules. This is referring to NADH's initial transfer of electrons back at complex 1. Two electrons provided from the first NADH do the following: Two electrons provided from the second NADH do the following: This splits them into heme A3-OH and type B Cu-OH. Two more H+ come into the complex and combine with the OH groups to from 2 water molecules which then leave the complex. How many electrons (total) does complex 4 use? 8. 4 are pumped to the intermembrane space. 4 are used to make water out of O2. What two subunits of complex V (FoF1 ATPase) are responsible for facilitating the movement of protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix? Explain what each does. Subunit C: This is the main "carousel" of the ATP synthase. They are mostly hydrophobic so they can be embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. They have an aspartic acid residue that will bind to H+ in the intermembrane space and transfer them to the mitochondrial matrix Subunit alpha: This surrounds the 10 subunit 'c's. It has a channel that will face the mitochondrial matrix and a channel that will face the intermembrane space. What is the function of the two channels on the alpha subunit of complex V (ATP synthase or FoF1 ATPase)? Use this to explain how protons are transported through this complex. The aspartic acids on the C subunits of complex V will bind protons when exposed to the channel in the alpha subunit that faces the inner mitochondrial matrix. This apsartic acid will be pulled/rotated over to the channel that faces the mitochondrial matrix because there is a large deficit of protons there. Once in position at that channel, the proton on aspartic acid will dissociate. This happens to all 10 C subunits of complex 5 and ends up rotating around like a carousel. What part of complex 5 makes up the Fo part? (FoF1 ATPase) What is the F1 portion? The Fo portion is made up of the alpha (top purple) and the c subunits. The c subunits are blue in this picture. The F1 portion is everything below that. Which subunit of complex V connects the Fo and the F1 portion? What is the significance of that? The gamma subunit. This will rotate since it is attached to the 'carousel' of c subunits. This is significant because it will induce the change in conformation of the Beta subunits (ADP/ATP) in complex V. In complex 5, what is a beta subunit? What is the open, loose, and tight state? Explain the function of each and how this helps create ATP. (What helps change their conformation/state) A beta subunit is just ATP or ADP/Pi temporarily bound to complex V. The beta subunits change conformation as the gamma subunit rotates. Open Loose Tight True or False: In complex V, the beta subunits rotate in response to the carousel movement of the C subunits. False. Only the gamma subunit rotates because of its attachment to the c subunits. What regulates the rate of the electron transport chain? The availability of ADP. The more ADP (less ATP) there is, the faster the ETC will go. How does ADP and Pi get into the mitochondrial membrane so complex V can convert it into ATP? What does this do to the proton gradient that the rest of the ETC created? There is an antiporter called adenine nucleotide translocase. This ships ATP out to the intermembrane space and ADP in to the mitochondrial matrix. Since ATP is more negative than ADP, and there is a positive charge buildup in the intermembrane space (done by the rest of the ETC) - shipping negative ATP out there degrades that gradient a little bit. That means that this wastes energy. What is the phosphate translocase symporter? How does this affect the gradient of protons created by the ETC? Phosphate translocase is a symporter that transfers both H2PO4- and H+ into of the mitochrondrial matrix. Even though their charges cancel out, since we're shipping H+ atoms into the mitochondrial matrix, we're decreasing the concentration (buildup) of H+ atoms in the intermembrane space that is supposed to power complex V. This means that this wastes energy. How many ATP equivalents does NADH create through the ETC? What about FADH2? 1 NADH → 2.5 ATP equivalents How many ATP are generated from 1 glucose molecule after going through glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and the ETC? There is a net of 30 ATP created. What is the reaction that connects glycerol (from triglycerides) to glycolysis/the ETC? This one. How does cytoplasmic NADH get into the electron transport chain? (in muscle and brain. Hint: this has to do with glycerol) Via glycerol and DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate). This is called the glycerol phosphate shuttle. True or false: Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase has two forms: cytoplasmic and mitochondrial. True. This is important in taking NADH from the cytoplasm to the ETC. In the ETC, what is complex IIb? In what tissues do you find it? Complex IIb is found in rapidly metabolizing tissues (brain and muscle). This complex has the same function as complex IIa, but it gets its electrons from glycerol which transported them there from DHAP in they cytoplasm. It helps provide a direct link between electrons on NADH in the cytoplasm and the ETC. How does cytoplasmic NADH get into the electron transport chain? (in liver, kidney, and heart) Using the malate-aspartate shuttle. For now know: - Malate then goes through a malate-alphaketogluterate antiporter to get into the mitochondrial matrix - Malate → OAA. In this process, the electron on malate was put onto NAD+ to make NADH. You've now effectively taken NADH from outside the matrix to the inside so it can go to the ETC. What drugs inhibit complex 1? 1. Rotenone What drugs inhibit complex 3? Antimycin A What drugs inhibit complex 4? CN-, CO, and N3- What is the effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol (or huge amounts of aspirin) on mitochondria? This destablizes the inner mitochondrial matrix so that hydrogen can leak back into the matrix. This will cause the cell to generate a lot more heat because now it has to pump hydrogen back out to the intermembrane space and speed up the reactions to generate ATP. Animals that hibernate have an uncoupling protein (called thermogenin) that has the same effect as this drug. It is thought that if we have brown fat that this is how it operates as well. What is an uncoupling protein? Where would you see it? An uncoupling protein (thermogenin) is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown fat. It provides a channel for protons to 'leak' back into the matrix. This will cause the cell to generate a lot more heat because now it has to pump hydrogen back out to the intermembrane space and speed up the reactions to generate ATP. 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How many protons are transferred from the matrix to the intermembrane space during the transport of two electrons through each of the complexes?Four protons are pumped from the inside (matrix) to the intermembrane space for each pair of electrons processed.
How many H+ are pumped by complex I to the intermembrane space?During the reduction of oxygen, two H+ ions are extracted from the matrix and transferred to the reduced oxygen atom, thus forming water (H2O). Simultaneously, the complex pumps 4 H+ ions into the intermembrane space.
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How many protons are transported from the matrix to the intermembrane space by complex 2?
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