Identify and explain one way land-based empires collected tribute from their states.

The Land Based Empires are the major players in this period. It’s easy to jump to Columbus et al and assume the Europeans are taking over. They’re not. They are moving into the outer reaches that are not already dominated by major Land Based Empires. Look at the map below. Now compare that to the Maritime Empires. There is virtually no overlap (outside of the Americas). Another knock against the Europeans in this period (1450-1750), is to look at when the Land Based Empires finally fell. Mughals, 1857. Tokugawa, 1868. Manchu Empire, 1911. Ottoman Empire, 1919. So, pump your brakes on the European Empires. They are still back seat to the Land Based empires.

Inhaltsverzeichnis Show

The above banners are for the units AP WORLD MODERN. But, if you want to focus in on the SPECIFIC LAND BASED EMPIRES that the College Board addresses in Unit 3… CLICK THE BANNER(s) BELOW:
c. 1450-1750
Gunpowder Empires
The Military Revolution
Sunni, Shi'a, and Sikh
Ottomans
Safavids
Russia, Prussia, and Austria
What methods were used by land based empires to collect taxes in this era?
How did land based empires gain and maintain power from 1450
What are two methods that land based empires used to control their large empires?
What are key characteristics of land based empires?

The first two are PRE-EXISTING EMPIRES. This means that they are simply carrying on from the Empire they replace:

OK. Your teacher might have stopped there. BUT, they do ALLUDE to the importance of three others. They DO NOT say to know these as Land Based Empires… But, they ARE land based empires that existed in this period… So, here are the final four:

c. 1450-1750

Land Empires, c. 1450-1750

Objectives
Gunpowder Empires
- The Military Revolution
- Sunni, Shi'a, and Sikh
Mughals
Ottomans
Safavids
Russia, Prussia, and Austria

Objectives

Explain how and why various land-based empires developed and expanded from 1450 to 1750.
Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750.
Explain continuity and change within the various belief systems during the period from 1450 to 1750.
Explain the effects of the development of state power from 1450 to 1750.
Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time.

Gunpowder Empires

The Military Revolution

Fort Bourtange, a star fort completed in the Netherlands in 1593, gave guards a panoramic view of attackers. Massive bombards, like the Tsar Cannon cast in 1586, smashed defensive walls.

Sunni, Shi'a, and Sikh

calligraphic representation of 12 Imams along with the name of the Prophet Muhammad

Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.
Political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensified the split within Islam between Sunni and Shi’a.
Sikhism developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam.

audio pronunciation guide:

Sunni
Abu Bakr
Shi'a
Ali
caliph
Twelvers
Sufism
Wahhabism
Sikhism
Guru Nanak
syncretic faith

the trio of Islamic gunpowder empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals

Mughals

Mughal Emperor Akbar training an elephant

dragging siege-guns uphill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort in 1568

Land empires included the Mughal in South and Central Asia.
Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.
Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.
Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.
Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.
Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy.

audio pronunciation guide:

Mahmud of Ghazni
Muhammad of Ghur
Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Delhi
Delhi Sultanate
bhaktic cults
Mira Bai
Kabir
Chaitanya
Timur-i Lang
Babur
Mughal empire
Humayan
Akbar
Din-i-Ilahi
Fatehpur Sikri
Agra Fort
Red Fort at Delhi
Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi
mausoleum of Shaykh Salim Chishti
Akbar's tomb at Sikandra
tomb of Itimad al-Dowleh at Agra
Peacock Throne
Jahanagir
Nur Jahan
Shah Jahan
Mumtaz Mahal
Taj Mahal
Aurangzeb
Sikhism
Maratha rebellion
child marriage and female seclusion

Mughal architecture

Ottomans

Süleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul

Land empires included the Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.
Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.
Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.
Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.
Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.
Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy.

audio pronunciation guide:

Ottoman empire
Osman Bey
ghazi
devshirme
Janissary slave-soldiers
vizier
Mehmed II, the Conqueror
Istanbul (not Constantinople)
Aya Sofya (Hagia Sofia)
Topkapi palace
Selim the Grim
Piri Reis
Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566)
millets
kanun
Mimar Sinan
Suleymaniye
Hurrem Sultana
Selim the Sot
harem
battle of Lepanto (1571)
Khayr al-Din Barbarossa Pasha
Ibrahim the Crazy
siege of Vienna (1683)
Ottoman coffeehouses

Safavids

Russia, Prussia, and Austria

Russia

Prussia

Austria

Poland

The rulers of Russia, Austria, and Prussia divided and conquered Poland in a series of three Partitions.

Russia, Prussia, and Austria

What methods were used by land based empires to collect taxes in this era?

Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax collecting systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion. Imperial expansion relied on increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires.

How did land based empires gain and maintain power from 1450

Asian land-based Empires during 1450-1750 had public displays to legitimize their power. Many of the expanding empires were looking for strategies of centralization to unify them. The empires expanded and conquered more people and land through many military methods, such as the use of gun-powder.

What are two methods that land based empires used to control their large empires?

Rulers of land based empires used bureaucratic elites and military professions to create centralized control over populations and resources. Rulers used religious ideas, art and architecture to legitimize their rule.