Is a subfield of psychology that emphasizes psychologys role in establishing and maintaining fitness and preventing and treating illness?

FrontBack

psychoanalytic theory of personality; hysterical system were over determined... had many causes in the unconscious... eventually Freud used hysterical symptoms as his metaphor for understanding dreams, slips of tongue, and all human behavior- unconscious causes.

(structure of personality) (pleasure principle)... the part of the person that Freud called the “it”, consisting of unconscious drives. The individual's reservoir of sexual energy, pool of amoral and often vile urges pressing for expression, no contact with reality. EX: "Sex! Now!"

(structure of personality) (reality principle, rational)... reasoning, problem solving, and decision making. Deals with the demands of reality, brings pleasure within norms of society, partly conscious, balance of Id and superego. EX: "I will have sex only in a committed relationship a…

(structure of personality) (moralistic)... harsh internal judgement of our behavior; conscious, evaluates morality of our behavior. EX: "Sex? Don't even think about it."

Tactics that ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. Repression master defense mechanism; ego pushes unacceptable impulses out of awareness, back into the unconscious mind. EX: a young girl was sexually abused by her uncle. As an adult, she cant remember anyth…

the ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one. EX: a college student doesn't get into the fraternity of his choice. He tells himself that the fraternity is very exclusive and that many students didn't get in.

the ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object. EX: a woman can't take her anger out on her boss, so she goes home and take it out on her husband.

the ego attributes more personal shortcomings, problems, and faults to others. EX: a man has strong desire to have an extramarital affair accuses his wife of flirting with other men.

the ego seeks the security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress. EX: a woman returns home to her mother every time her and her husband has an argument.

when the ego transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite. EX: A woman who fears her sexual urges becomes a religious zealot.... A kid likes someone but shows that they hate them.

the iceberg analogy shows how much of the mind is unconscious in Freud's theory. The conscious mind is the part of the iceberg above water. The unconscious mind is the part below water. The Id is completely underwater and unconscious. The ego and superego can operate on both levels. There…

Psychosexual stages of Personality Development

at each developmental stage, we experience sexual pleasure in one part of the body more than others. Each stage is named after the location of the sexual pleasure at that stage.

(first 18 months) infant's pleasure centers on mouth- chewing, sucking, biting- reduces tension in infants.

(18 to 36 months) toilet training, child's anus and urethra is child's greatest pleasure. Freud believed that there is a pleasure in "going" and "holding".

(3 to 6 years) gender identity, Latin word that means "penis". Child discovers that self-stimulation is possible. Kids will favor their mother more.

(adolescent and adulthood) sexual reawakening, source of sexual pleasure shifts to someone outside the family.

lasting personality characteristics.

Five-factor model of personality. broad straits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality. Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness.

emotional instability. Feeling negative emotions more than positive emotion in daily life. 

more likely to engage in social activities. Extroverts.

liberal-values, open-mindedness, tolerance, creativity, superior cognitive functioning and IQ.

generosity and altruism (caring for others), sympathetic, cooperative romantic relationships, religious faith.

related to GPA, efficient, organized, better-quality friendships, higher levels of religious faith, forgiving attitude.

(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)... The most widely used and researched, empirically keyed, self-report personality test and psychopathology (brain disorders). First used to access "abnormal" personality tendencies.

A test that gets inside the mind to discover how the test taker really feels and thinks. Goes beyond the way the individual overly presents themselves. 2 types: -TAT -Rorschach

TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)

A projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality. Has a series of pictures and patient is asked to tell a story about the picture... projects own unconscious feelings and thoughts into story.

A projective test that uses an individual's perception of ink blots to determine his or her personality.

Type A and B personalities

(A or B)     - cluster of characteristics such as being excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile... related to the incidence of heart disease.     - a cluster of characteristics such as being relaxed and easy going... the healthier group.

The 16 PF (Personality Factor) Test

Based on the 16 major source traits, for use with people 16 years of age and older, used to asses personality for research, clinical diagnosis, and predicting occupational success. Goof test, but shouldn't have intelligence in it...doesn't pick up pathology and wasn't supposed to.

An interdisciplinary field that focuses on developing and integrating behavioral and biomedical knowledge to promote health and reduce illness; overlaps with health psychology.

A subfield of psychology that emphasizes psychology's role in establishing and maintaining health and preventing and treating illness, understanding how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors are involved in physical health and fitness. In addition to the biological causes that a…

stress is a focal point; study of stress and behavior. An individual's state of consciousness along with how a person thinks about events can influence experience of stress. Stress can effect emotions and personality, social contexts, relationships, work experiences, etc...

Selye's term for the common effects of stressful demands on the body, consisting of three stages; 1. alarm 2. resistance 3. exhaustion (severe physical problems) Homeostasis, fight and flight.

Chronic stress can have serious implications for the body; psychoneuroimmunology- explores connections among psychological factors (attitudes and emotions), nervous system, and immune.

Elevated adrenalin and noradrenalin and adrenal medulla and cortisol (Corticosteroids) from adrenal cortex suppress the lymphocyte response of the immune system and increase in stress. Catecolamines are commonly known as the "fight or flight" hormone, release Adrenalin (causes you to wor…

Sympathetic autonomic nervous system

This system is activated due to the sudden release of hormones. This system stimulates the adrenal glands, triggering the release of catecholamines, which include adrenalin and noradrenalin. Results in an increase of heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate... After threat is gone, …

Also called ergonomics- a field that combines engineering and psychology. Focuses on understanding and enhancing the safety and efficiency in the environment-machine interaction.

The tendency of individuals to perform better because of being singled out and made to feel important.

a management approach of emphasizing the psychological characteristics of workers and managers, stressing the importance of factors such as morale, attitudes, values, and humane treatment of workers.

The process of generating a description of what a job involves, including the knowledge and skills that are necessary to carry out the job's functions.

Constituting a system, step-by-step procedures.

It must break the job down into small units so that each aspect of the job can be easily understood. EX: Breaking a job down may lead to the discovery of a skill that previously was not considered important, actually is. A social skill that might not be considered important actually is…

Construction of employee manual

The analysis should lead to an employee manual that accurately characterizes the job.

The evaluation of a person's success at meeting his or her organization's goals.

A bias, common in performance ratings, that occurs when a rater gives a person the same rating on all of the items being evaluated, even though the individual varies across the dimensions being assessed.

Influences others, motivates them, and enables them to succeed. 2 Types: Transactional, Transformational

Can be trained. An individual in a leadership capacity who emphasizes the exchange relationship between the worker and the leader, who applies the principle that a good job should be rewarded.

Could be helpful or could ruin everything. An individual in a leadership capacity who is concerned not with enforcing the rules but with changing them.

Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.

Typical behavior deviates from what is acceptable in a culture, it is often considered abnormal.

Interferes with a person's ability to function effectively with the world. Behavior that presents a danger to the person or those around him.

Behavior that lasts a long period of time. May exist in the context of great success. EX: A successful business executive who feels profound sadness because of family difficulties.

Organic, internal causes; brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality.

Emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics, in explaining psychological disorders. EX: Psychologists focus on influence of childhood experiences or of personality traits in the development and course of psychological disorders.

Emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives, including the individual's gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family relationships, and culture. EX: Person from low-income, minority neighborhoods have the highest rates of psychological disorders.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the major classification of psychological disorders in the U.S. taking out Asperger's disease as a separate and adding into autism.

Psychological disorders involving fears that are uncontrollable, disproportionate to the actual danger the person might be in, and disruptive of ordinary life. Jittery and apprehensive. 

Generalized anxiety disorder

Psychological disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months and in which the person is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety.

Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

Anxiety disorder that contributes to suicide; includes mental disorders and traumas such as sexual abuse. Due to immediate and highly stressful circumstances- such as the loss of a family or job.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Anxiety disorder in which individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation. 

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event that has overwhelmed the person's ability to cope. Flashbacks in which individual relives event, avoidance of emotional experiences, reduced ability to feel emotions, difficulties with memory.

mood disorders in which the individual suffers form depression- an unrelenting lack of pleasure.

Major depressive disorder

Psychological disorder involving a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least 2 weeks, impairs daily functioning.

Mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania; an overexcited or unrealistically optimistic state.

Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss in memory or change in identity due to the dissociation (person feels disconnected from immediate experience) of the individual's conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts. These people have problems putting together diff…

Extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress. Own identity and auto experiences are forgotten.

DID (Dissosiative identity disorder)

Used to be called "multiple personality disorder"; most dramatic; least common; individuals have its own memories, behaviors, and relationships. One identity dominates at one time, another takes over at another time. Shift occurs under distress but can sometimes be controlled by the pe…

Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought process; referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality..... People with this disorder see things that are not there, hear things inside their head, live in a strange world of twisted logic, so…

Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function. Reflect something added above and beyond normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions; flat affect- can read others' emotions.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Difficulty sustaining attention, problem holding information in memory, and inability to interpret information and make decisions. Subtle and often detected through tests.

A cause of Schizophrenia. Enlarged ventricles with fluid-filled spaces, enlargement indicates deterioration of other brain tissue. Small prefrontal cortex (thinking, planning, decision making) and lower activity in this area of the brain might be prenatal.

A cause of Schizophrenia. As genetic similarity to a person with Schizophrenia increases, so does a person's risk of developing it. Still trying to find the genetic factors that play a role in susceptibility to schizophrenia.

Neurotransmitter problems

A cause of Schizophrenia. Excess dopamine (feel good), first noticed when drug L-dopa (increases dopamine levels) was given to individuals as a treatment for Parkinson's- gave people disturbed thoughts. Over activation of pathways in brain associated with dopamine plays a role. Dopamin…

Drugs that reduce anxiety by making the individual calmer and less excitable. Commonly known as tranquilizers.

Anti-anxiety drugs that generally offer the greatest relief for anxiety symptoms, potentially addictive, blind to receptor sites of neurotransmitters that become overactive during anxiety; Xanax, Valium, Librium. Side effects: drowsiness, loss of coordination, fatigue, mental slowing.

Drugs that regulate mood. Ex: SSRI, MAO inhibitors, Tricyclics.

Anti-depressant. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors- targets serotonin, and work mainly by interfering only with the re-absorption of serotonin in the brain.

Anti-depressant. Thought to work because they block the enzyme monoamine oxidase. This enzyme breaks down the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. The blocking action of theses inhibitors allow the neurotransmitters to stick around in the brain's synapse and help r…

Anti-depressant. Three-ringed molecular structure, work by increasing the level of certain neurotransmitters, especially norenpinphirne and serotonin. Low serotonin levels of in negative mood and aggression. The       reduce the symptoms of depression in 60-70% of cases; takes 2-4 weeks t…

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Treatment for depression. Shock therapy; set off a seizure in the brain.

Powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns.

An anti-psychotic. Most widely used; blocks dopamine system action's in brain. They don't cure schizophrenia but only treats symptoms. Side effects: disorder dyskinesia, involuntary movements, twitching.

A biological therapy, with irreversible effects, that involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve the individual's adjustment. Instrument is inserted into brain and rotates, severing fibers that connect the frontal lobe (which is important in higher thought process) and …

Walter Freeman came up with the name; performed first lobotomy in the US in 1936, over 3000, same ice pick technique.

A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems. Could be given alone or with doctors. Combination of this type of therapy and medication is good.

Freud's therapeutic technique for analyzing an individual's unconscious thoughts. Person's current problems could be traced to childhood experiences, unconscious sexual conflicts.

Encouraging individuals to say aloud whatever comes to mind, now matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Person's relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce or relieve important relationships in the individual's life; husband or parent, helps to relate to important people.

Interpreting a person's dreams; contains information about unconscious thoughts, wishes, conflicts.

Also called Rogerian therapy or nondirective therapy, a form of humanistic therapy in which the therapist provides a warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client's self-concept and to encourage the client to gain insight into problems. Includes: Empathy, unconditional positive reg…

A technique in which the therapist mirrors the client's own feelings back to the client. EX: A woman is describing her grief over loss of husband in drunk-driving accident. Therapist would, "You sound angry".

Therapies that don't care about past or how things happened, just focus on how to change the problem... Eliminating the problematic symptoms or behaviors rather than on helping individuals gain an understanding of why they are depressed.

Systematic desensitization

Used for phobias. Method of behavior therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations.

Anxiety or desensitization heirchary

Person begins with least feared situation (a month before exam) and moves through each the circumstances until reached most feared situation; person replaces fear with deep relaxation.

Treatments that point to cognitions (thoughts) as the main sources of psychological problems and that attempt to change the individual's feelings and behaviors by changing conditions.

Evaluation of psychotherapies

Does work and works well. More than 70% of individuals saw a therapies improved, whereas less 40% of people that got a placebo and less than 20% of people with no treatment improved.

Is a subfield of psychology that emphasizes psychology's role in establishing and maintaining fitness and preventing treating illnesses?

Is health psychology a subfield of behavioral medicine?

Which of the following refers to the circumstances and events that threaten people and tax their coping abilities?

Which of the following is a difference between health psychology and behavioral medicine?