Refers to the process whereby a single physical computer can support multiple operating systems

True False39. Programs such as word processors are known as utilities. True False40. Running Disk Defragmenter does not improve system performance. True False5-7

Chapter 005 System Software41. On a disk, a track is a concentric ring, and each track is divided into wedge-shaped sections called sectors. True False42. You can "catch" a computer virus many ways. True False43. Utility suites come with one program only. True False44. For all devices, the appropriate drivers are automatically selected and installed when the device is first connected to the computer system. True False45. Windows Update automatically updates the device drivers on your computer. True FalseFill in the Blank Questions46. _____software consists of operating systems, utilities, device drivers, and language translators. ________________________________________47. A(n) _____converts the programming instructions into a language that the computer understands and processes. ________________________________________5-8

Chapter 005 System Software48. The _____ system handles many of the technical details related to using a computer. ________________________________________49. _____are graphic representations for a program or function. ________________________________________50. Windows CE and Windows XP Embedded are both examples of _____operating system. ________________________________________51. _____operating systems are used to control and coordinate computers that are linked together. ________________________________________52. Netware is an example of a(n) _____ operating system. ________________________________________53. In a network, the desktop operating system is considered the_____ operating system. ________________________________________54. _____was originally developed by a graduate student at the University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds, in 1991. ________________________________________55. _____is an operating system that was originally designed to run on minicomputers in network environments. ________________________________________5-9

Chapter 005 System Software56. _____ refers to the process whereby a single physical computer can support multiple operating systems. ________________________________________57. Troubleshooting or _____ programs recognize and correct problems. ________________________________________58. Disk Cleanup, Backup and Restore, and Disk Defragmenter are all examples of _____ programs. ________________________________________59. _____ programs reduce the size of files so they require less storage. ________________________________________60. This utility program eliminates unneeded files on your hard disk. ________________________________________61. Disk ______ is a utility program that reassembles file fragments and unused disk space to optimize operations. ________________________________________62. Device _____are required to allow communication between the device and the rest of the computer system. ________________________________________63. Windows makes it easy to update the drivers on your computer using ______. ________________________________________5-10

Chapter 005 System Software64. In a virtualized environment, the operating system of each virtual machine is known as the_____ operating system. ________________________________________65. The version of Windows released after Windows Vista is called _____. ________________________________________Essay Questions66. What are the three basic functions of an operating system? 67. What are some of the common features that operating systems and application programs share? 5-11

Chapter 005 System Software68. What does the statement "An Operating System's file system is set up like a filing cabinet"mean? 69. Describe the three categories of operating systems.

Everything you need to know to understand the containers vs. VMs debate and why containers are growing in popularity.

If you’ve only recently started learning about virtualization tools, you might wonder what the differences are in the technology conversation around containers vs. virtual machines (VMs). Containers have become a dominant force in cloud native development, so it’s important to understand what they are and what they are not. While containers and VMs have distinct and unique characteristics, they are similar in that they both improve IT efficiency, provide application portability and enhance DevOps and the software development lifecycle.

How virtualization works

Virtualization is a process whereby software is used to create an abstraction layer over computer hardware that allows the hardware elements of a single computer to be divided into multiple virtual computers.

The software used is called a hypervisor — a small layer that enables multiple operating systems to run alongside each other, sharing the same physical computing resources. When a hypervisor is used on a physical computer or server (also known as bare metal server) in a data center, it allows the physical computer to separate its operating system and applications from its hardware. Then, it can divide itself into several independent “virtual machines.”

The following video provides a closer look at virtualization technology:

What are virtual machines?

Virtual machines (VMs) are a technology for building virtualized computing environments. They have been around for quite a while and are considered the foundation of the first generation of cloud computing.

Simply put, a virtual machine is an emulation of a physical computer. VMs enable teams to run what appear to be multiple machines, with multiple operating systems, on a single computer. VMs interact with physical computers by using lightweight software layers called hypervisors. Hypervisors can separate VMs from one another and allocate processors, memory, and storage among them.

VMs are also known as virtual servers, virtual server instances and virtual private servers.

What are containers?

Containers are a lighter-weight, more agile way of handling virtualization — since they don't use a hypervisor, you can enjoy faster resource provisioning and speedier availability of new applications. 

Rather than spinning up an entire virtual machine, containerization packages together everything needed to run a single application or microservice (along with runtime libraries they need to run). The container includes all the code, its dependencies and even the operating system itself. This enables applications to run almost anywhere — a desktop computer, a traditional IT infrastructure or the cloud.

Containers use a form of operating system (OS) virtualization. Put simply, they leverage features of the host operating system to isolate processes and control the processes’ access to CPUs, memory and desk space.

Containers have been around for decades, but the common consensus is that the modern container era began in 2013 with the introduction of Docker, an open source platform for building, deploying and managing containerized applications. Learn more about Docker, Docker containers, Dockerfiles (the container image's build file) and how the ecosystem has evolved with container technology over the last decade.

Containers vs. VMs: What are the differences?

In traditional virtualization, a hypervisor virtualizes physical hardware. The result is that each virtual machine contains a guest OS, a virtual copy of the hardware that the OS requires to run and an application and its associated libraries and dependencies. VMs with different operating systems can be run on the same physical server. For example, a VMware VM can run next to a Linux VM, which runs next to a Microsoft VM, etc.

Instead of virtualizing the underlying hardware, containers virtualize the operating system (typically Linux or Windows) so each individual container contains only the application and its libraries and dependencies. Containers are small, fast, and portable because, unlike a virtual machine, containers do not need to include a guest OS in every instance and can, instead, simply leverage the features and resources of the host OS. 

Just like virtual machines, containers allow developers to improve CPU and memory utilization of physical machines. Containers go even further, however, because they also enable microservice architectures, where application components can be deployed and scaled more granularly. This is an attractive alternative to having to scale up an entire monolithic application because a single component is struggling with load.

In the following video, Nigel Brown takes a closer look at how containers differ from VMs:

Why containers?

While there are still many reasons to use VMs, containers provide a level of flexibility and portability that is perfect for the multicloud world. When developers create new applications, they might not know all of the places it will need to be deployed. Today, an organization might run the application on its private cloud, but tomorrow it might need to deploy it on a public cloud from a different provider. Containerizing applications provides teams the flexibility they need to handle the many software environments of modern IT. 

Containers are also ideal for automation and DevOps pipelines, including continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) implementation.

Managing containers for multicloud

Despite the many benefits of containers and the myriad use cases where they are the best option, they do come with a few challenges of their own. Large enterprise applications can include a massive number of containers, and container management presents some serious issues for teams. How can you have visibility on what is running and where? How do you handle crucial issues such as security and compliance? How do you consistently manage your applications?

Most businesses are turning to open source solutions such as Kubernetes, and Kubernetes is already running containers in the majority of situations for many organizations.

To learn about the enterprise-grade solution for Kubernetes, read about the IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service.

What is multiple operating system?

When a single physical computer runs this type of software it operates as though it were two or more separate and independent computers?

What operating systems are used to control and coordinate computers that are linked together?

What operating systems control a single desktop or laptop computer?