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Human Resource Management15th EditionJohn David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine 249 solutions Learning and Behaviour Multiple Choice Questions1. Learning may be defined as a ______ change in behavior that occurs as the result of experience. B. sensitization C. fixed D. continuous Answer: A. relatively permanent 2. Habituation involves learning about a _____. B. single response C. single stimulus D. multiple response Answer: C. single stimulus 3. Which is correct about sensitization? B. there is increase in a behavioral response. C. it typically occurs when noxious or fearful stimuli are present Answer: D. 4. If the UCS is subsequently omitted, the CR will experience B. extinction C. learning D. association Answer: B. extinction 5. It reflects the preservation of the original CS-UCS association after extinction training. B. spontaneous recovery C. generalization D. discrimination Answer: B. spontaneous recovery 6. The best description for UCS is.. B. a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response C. produced by association D. influenced by the intensity of learned response Answer: A. a stimulus that automatically elicits a response 7. In Pavlov’s experiment, ___ is considered an unconditioned response. B. sleeping C. food D. salivation Answer: D. salivation 8. It is a change in the electrical activity of the skin that occurs during emotional stress. B. ucr C. ucs D. crt Answer: A. gsr 9. Excitatory conditioning is.. B. it is an inability of a cs to increase the probability or magnitude of a given behavior. C. it is an ability of a cs to increase the probability or magnitude of a given behavior. D. it is an inability of a cs to decrease the probability or magnitude of a given behavior. Answer: C. it is an ability of a cs to increase the probability or magnitude of a given behavior. 10. The child may expect playfulness only from dogs that look like hers. This refers to.. B. discrimination C. generalization D. extinction Answer: B. discrimination 11. If the doctor always tells a child that “it won’t hurt, when in fact it sometimes does, the child has nodanger or safety signals and may become terribly anxious whenever in the doctor’s office. This implies.. B. children do not respond to motivation C. doctors are ineffective motivators D. predictability is also important for emotional reactions Answer: D. predictability is also important for emotional reactions 12. Punishment is the _____ of reinforcement. B. principle C. basis D. equivalent Answer: A. opposite 13. Skinner box is also known as.. B. operant chamber C. omission training D. black box Answer: B. operant chamber 14. The likelihood that you bring your date chocolate on Valentine’s Day will decrease if he or she getsmad at you for offering the caloric gift. This shows.. B. omission training C. restructuring D. change stimulus Answer: B. omission training 15. If leaving your apartment removes you from an unpleasant environment, then the time you spendaway from your apartment will
increase referring to.. B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. negative punishment Answer: B. negative reinforcement 16. When the dog is trained to catch a ball, you can give the animal a food reinforcer each time itapproaches the ball until finally the dog mouths and grabs the ball referring to.. B. omission training C. shaping D. extinction Answer: C. shaping 17. Reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses. B. variable ratio C. fixed interval D. variable interval Answer: A. fixed ratio 18. Non-reflexive, voluntary behaviors are associated with _______________ conditioning. B. classical C. insight D. social Answer: A. operant 19. Responding decreases with the elimination of reinforcing consequences during the extinction process of _________________ conditioning. B. classical C. insight D. social Answer: A. operant 20. In __________ conditioning, the conditioned responses are active behaviors that operate on the environment. B. classical C. insight D. social Answer: A. operant 21. In _____________ conditioning, the basis of learning is the association of two stimuli, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. B. classical C. insight D. social Answer: B. classical 22. The expectation that the conditioned response reliably predicts the unconditioned stimulus characterizes the cognitive
aspect of _______________ conditioning. B. classical C. insight D. social Answer: B. classical 23. The behavior is emitted by the organism in ____________ conditioning. B. classical C. insight D. social Answer: A. operant 24. Conditions physiological and emotional responses. B. classical C. insight D. social Answer: B. classical 25. In ___________________ conditioning, the performance of the behavior is influenced by the expectation of reinforcement or punishment. B. classical C. insight D. social Answer: A. operant 26. In ________________ conditioning, the basis of learning is the process of associating a response
and the consequence that follows it. B. classical C. insight D. social Answer: A. operant 27. Reflexive, involuntary behaviors are associated with ___________ conditioning. B. classical C. insight D. social Answer: B. classical 28. In ___________ conditioning, the extinction process is the decreasing of the
conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone B. classical C. insight D. social Answer: B. classical 29. The evolutionary influence of _______________ conditioning is that innate predispositions influencehow easily an association is formed between a particular stimulus and response. B. classical C. insight D. social Answer: B. classical 30. The evolutionary influence in ____________ conditioning is that behaviors similar to natural orinstinctive behaviors are more readily conditioned. B. classical C. insight D. social Answer: A. operant 31. Behavior is elicited by a stimulus in _____________ conditioning. B. classical C. insight D. social Answer: B. classical 32. Who was classical conditioning developed by? B. thorndike C. skinner D. pavlov Answer: D. pavlov 33. Operant conditioning… B. uses positive and negative reinforcement to change attitudes and behaviour C. measures attitudes towards a certain subject D. changes beliefs Answer: B. uses positive and negative reinforcement to change attitudes and behaviour 34. Operant conditioning forms an association between a behavior and a consequence. Theconsequences are: B. something bad can start or be presented; something bad can end or be taken away. C. constant reinforcement D. both a & b Answer: D. both a & b 35. In Pavlov’s Dog’s, which of these is the conditioned stimuli? B. food C. saliva D. attendant Answer: A. bell 36. Classical conditioning can be applied within marketing. For example Coke’s polar bear ad campaign. The bears (US) generate positive feelings (UR), and Coke (CS) is associated with the positive feelings thathave then become the __ B. us C. ur D. cs Answer: A. cr 37. Businesses can use operant conditioning to continuously reward consumers for patronage via: B. constant low prices C. special competitions D. both a & b Answer: D. both a & b 38. Which one is not an intermittentreinforcement? B. sales promotions C. special competitions D. constant low prices Answer: D. constant low prices 39. Operant conditioning: B. drive C. cue D. response Answer: A. reinforcement 40. Which theorists originated the Insight learning theory and Social learning theory B. kohler and bandura C. hull and guthrie D. thorndike and kohler Answer: B. kohler and bandura 41. Which theory advocates mentoring,
apprenticeship, or on the job training, and internships? B. theory of social cognitive development C. social learning theory D. insight learning Answer: C. social learning theory 42. Which of the following assumptions are incorrect, according to Social-Cognitive theorists? B. learning doesn\t always result in an immediate change. C. people set goals for themselves and strive to achieve their goals. D. people will learn something only if reinforcing or punishing consequences follow their behavior. Answer: D. people will learn something only if reinforcing or punishing consequences follow their behavior. 43. What kind of reinforcement should you use if you want to a response to last without reinforcementlong after it’s been learned through operant conditioning? B. intermittent C. either a and b D. neither a nor b Answer: B. intermittent 44. What is the tendency to respond to a new stimulus as if it’s the original conditioned stimulus? B. stimulus generalization C. higher-order conditioning D. spontaneous recovery Answer: B. stimulus generalization 45. A student sometimes got A’s on his midterm exams last year
when he used his green pen to write the exams. Now he always takes his lucky green pens to exams. How did the student’s superstitiousbehavior arise? B. classical conditioning C. operant conditioning D. none of the above Answer: C. operant conditioning 46. A scalloped response pattern, in which responses are slow at the beginning of a time period andthen faster just before reinforcement happens, is typical
of which type of reinforcement schedule? B. variable ratio C. fixed interval D. variable interval Answer: C. fixed interval 47. What is the procedure called in which reinforcement is used to guide a response closer and closer toa desired response? B. stimulus generalization C. spontaneous recovery D. shaping Answer: D. shaping 48.
Classical conditioning usually works best if which of the following occurs? B. the cs is presented just before the ucs C. the cs is presented many hours after the ucs D. all of the above are equally effective Answer: B. the cs is presented just before the ucs 49. Which of the following terms means the tendency for conditioning to be limited by
natural instincts? B. innate conditioning C. natural learning D. classical conditioning Answer: A. instinctive drift 50. In operant conditioning, what is the tendency for a response to happen only when a particularstimulus is present? B. shaping C. response acquisition D. stimulus discrimination Answer: D. stimulus discrimination 51. Students get a grade for a quiz that’s given once a week. What is this an example of? B. variable-ratio reinforcement schedule C. fixed-interval reinforcement schedule D. variable-interval reinforcement schedule Answer: C. fixed-interval reinforcement schedule 52. Which learning theory says that a set stimulus, over a period of time, will produce the sameresponse every
time? B. insight learning C. drive motive D. operant conditioning Answer: A. classical conditioning 53. What are the three laws of Thorndike’s law? B. law of effect C. law of readiness D. a, b & c Answer: D. a, b & c 54. Which of the following is/are part of the definition of learning? B. relatively permanent C. brought about by experience D. all of the above Answer: D. all of the above B. the attendants C. the saliva D. the food dish Answer: B. the attendants 56. In classical conditioning, an unlearned, inborn reaction to
an unconditioned stimulus is a(n) B. unconditioned response C. conditioned stimulus D. conditioned response Answer: B. unconditioned response B. unconditioned response C. conditioned stimulus D. conditioned response Answer: A. unconditioned stimulus B. allergic reactions C. sexual arousal D. all of the above Answer: D. all of the above B. avoidance behaviour C. phobias D. stimulus discrimination Answer: C. phobias B. operant conditioning C. classical conditioning D. positive conditioning Answer: B. operant conditioning 61. If positive reinforcement is not given within a short time following the response, learning willproceed slowly. This phenomenon is called B. extinction C. conditioned response D. consistency Answer: A. delay of reinforcement B. the cs did not match the cr C. jill should have delayed reinforcement D. saying “good dog” was not reinforcing Answer:
D. saying “good dog” was not reinforcing B. secondary reinforcers C. extinguished reinforcers D. superstitious reinforcers Answer: A. primary reinforcers B. variable ratio C. fixed interval D. variable interval Answer: C. fixed interval B. fixed interval C. variable ratio D. variable interval Answer: C. variable ratio B. extinguish piano-playing behavior C. use shaping D. use negative reinforcement Answer: C. use shaping 67. Behavior that is reinforced because it causes a negative event to stop is called B. punishment C. escape conditioning D. avoidance conditioning Answer: C. escape conditioning B. positive reinforcement C. negative reinforcement D. secondary reinforcement Answer: C. negative reinforcement B. do not give punishment mixed with rewards C. make it clear to the individual which behavior is being punished D. all of the above Answer:
D. all of the above B. negatively reinforced C. disinhibited D. punished Answer: D. punished B. classical conditioning usually involves more complicated, spontaneous behavior, while operant conditioning involves reflexive behavior. C. in classical conditioning, the reinforcement is contingent on the behavior of the learner. D. in operant conditioning the ucs and cs occur independently of the learner\s behavior. Answer: A. classical conditioning usually involves reflexive behavior, while operant conditioning usually involves
more complicated, spontaneous behavior. B. stimulus generalization C. extinction D. negative reinforcement Answer: A. stimulus discrimination 73. After Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat,
he also displayed fear responses to a whiterabbit and a white coat. This is an example of B. stimulus discrimination C. variable interval reinforcement D. superstitious behavior Answer: A. stimulus generalization B. drive C. reinforcement D. reward Answer: B. drive B. drive induction C. incentive reduction D. incentive deduction Answer: A. drive reduction 76. If drive motivation is based on deprivation, incentive motivation is based on B. habit strength C. inhibition D. reward value Answer: D. reward value B. acquired drives C. conditioned drives D. unconditioned drives Answer: B. acquired drives B. drive reduction C. inhibition induction D. behavioral induction Answer: B. drive reduction B. latent inhibition C. conditioned inhibition D. higher order inhibition Answer: C. conditioned inhibition B. reward magnitude has no effect on motivation C. shifts in reward result in forgetting D. learning is reduced with large reward Answer: A. reward magnitude directly influences motivation 81. According to Amsel, the extinction of an instrumental response is due to B. frustration C. repression D. anxiety Answer: B. frustration B. instrumental conditioning and operant conditioning C. classical conditioning and pavlovian conditioning D. classical conditioning and instrumental (or operant) conditioning Answer: D. classical conditioning and instrumental (or operant) conditioning B. s-r associations based on contiguity C. s-s associations based on reinforcement D. s-s associations based on contiguity Answer: B. s-r associations based on contiguity B. hull C. thorndike D. skinner Answer: A. tolman B. cognitive map C. equivalence belief principle D. law of effect Answer: C. equivalence belief principle 86. Which traditional learning theorist believed that the use of hypothetical constructs does notcontribute to our understanding of behavior? B. skinner C. tolman D. rotter Answer: B. skinner B. law of readiness C. law of equivalence D. law of effect Answer: D. law of effect B. performance C. memory D. direction Answer: B. performance B. punishment training C. avoidance training D. all of the above Answer: D. all of
the above B. escape learning C. stimulus discrimination D. response generalization Answer: B. escape learning B. decreases a behavior C. makes a person happy D. is satisfying Answer: A. increases a behavior 92. Skinner defines an operant behavior as that which is B. a result of s-r associations C. emitted by the organism D. unlearned Answer: C. emitted by the organism 93. Whenever Kendra’s dog whines at the door to go out she says “good dog” and pets the dog. Theword “good” becomes a secondary reinforcer through the process of B. operant conditioning C. instrumental conditioning D. vicarious conditioning Answer: A. classical conditioning 94. To teach a complex behavior, one should use B. classical conditioning C. punishment D. contingency management Answer: A. shaping 95. Kohler’s research with Sultan supports which theoretical view of learning? B. latent learning C. place learning D. modeling Answer: A. insight learning Learning and Behaviour Objective Questions with Answers pdf Download Online Exam Test PPTHow is learning defined in psychology?Psychologists in general define Learning as relatively permanent behavioural modifications which take place as a result of experience. This definition of learning stresses on three important elements of learning: Learning involves a behavioural change which can be better or worse.
What is the procedure called in which reinforcement is used to guide a response closer and closer to a desired response?shaping: A process of learning that involves the reinforcement of increasingly closer approximations of the desired response.
How a new response is strengthened?Answer. Answer: Reinforcement is the correct answer.
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The child may expect playfulness only from dogs that look like hers. this refers to:
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