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Terms in this set (63)Suppose that a politician is drafting her position paper on the educational situation in her district. She is trying to decide whether she should say, "If we adopt Plan A, we estimate that 10% of our students will drop out of high school before graduating." Alternately, she might say, "If we adopt Plan A, we estimate that 90% of our students will graduate from high school." She would probably find that her audience responds differently to these two versions of her talk, because of The framing effect Researchers such as Gerd Gigerenzer argue that people create a wide variety of heuristics that generally help them make adaptive decisions in the real world—a point of view referred to as ecological validity According to the research on the reasons for overconfidence, people often have trouble recalling the alternative hypothesis Suppose that you are watching television just after a Congressional election, and your favorite candidate has won—although the election was close. You say to a friend, "Well, I was really quite confident that he would win." This might be an example of hindsight bias Why is the concept of base rate important in decisions that involve the representativeness heuristic? People usually don't pay enough attention to base rate when making these decisions. Psychologists have published an article which shows that many U.S. residents avoided flying in airplanes after the 2001 terrorist attacks. In fact, for several months afterwards, many people decided to drive, rather than fly. This phenomenon can best be explained by the influence of recency on availability. One reason that decision makers often use the representativeness heuristic inappropriately is that they do not pay enough attention to sample size.
Julio has been told, "If your name appears on the list outside Dr. Forest's office, you'll be in the psychology honors class next semester." Julio's name does indeed appear on the list. Julio concludes that he will be in the psychology honors class next semester. Julio is using conditional reasoning. Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the research on overconfidence? Solange: "Overconfidence applies to many other cognitive tasks, in addition to decision making." Here is a reasoning problem: If Mary is a psychology major at your college then she must take statistics. Mary graduates from your college without taking statistics. Therefore, Mary is not a psychology major. What kind of problem is this? Conditional reasoning problem What is one of the difficulties with the availability heuristic? Frequency estimation may be distorted by the familiarity of the examples. The discussion of insight in problem solving pointed out that gestalt psychologists emphasized the importance of insight in solving problems. In which of the following areas are expert problem-solvers and novice problem-solvers likely to be most similar? General memory skills Suppose that you believe you can increase your cognitive performance by challenging yourself to work harder and more effectively. According to your textbook, you would have a growth mindset. Chapter 11 discusses the effects of ethnic and gender stereotypes on a test that measures math problem-solving ability. This research shows that Asian women perform relatively well if their ethnicity is emphasized before they begin the math test. According to the discussion of writing in Chapter 10, good writers are more likely than poor writers to spend time carefully planning a writing assignment. One reason that psychologists conduct relatively little research on language production is that it is difficult to manipulate the relevant independent variables. What can we conclude about the relationship between attitudes and proficiency in a second language? People who are positive toward speakers of another language are likely to learn that language more quickly than those who are neutral or negative about that group. What can we conclude about the comparison between experts and nonexperts, with respect to writing? An expert writer pays more attention to transitions between ideas. You are testing the cognitive abilities of three groups of bilingual French-English speakers in Montreal, whose native language is French: university students, English teachers, and French-English interpreters. On a test of reading span, administered in English, you would expect that The interpreters would perform significantly better than the teachers and students. Which of the following statements about the passive voice is correct? People understand a sentence more quickly if the sentence is active, rather than passive. According to the introductory discussion of the reading process, reading is a process that relies on a variety of other cognitive skills. When processing language, we begin making judgments about what the sentence means before we have heard (or read) the entire sentence. This is referred to as incremental interpretation. If you use the direct-access route while reading, you can recognize a word based on the visual stimulus of the letters in a word. The whole-word approach to teaching reading emphasizes that readers directly connect a written word with the word's meaning. Research by Novick examined whether the meaning of airplane changed for U.S. students around the time of the 2001 terrorist attacks. According to this research, airplane became a more prototypical example of a vehicle shortly after the attacks, but it was judged less prototypical about 4 months later. Which of the following concepts is most closely associated with the term schema? Heuristic According to the discussion in Chapter 8, John Anderson's ACT-R theory attempts to explain processes such as language, reasoning and decision making—in addition to semantic memory. According to the discussion in Chapter 8, the best definition of the word concept is: your mental representation of a category. In the name parallel distributed processing approach, the word distributed refers to the distribution of information across many locations in the brain. Suppose that you want to bring your car to a garage for repairs. This procedure requires you to call for an appointment, drive to the appropriate location, leave your keys, and arrange for a time when you will return for your car. Cognitive psychologists call this sequence of actions a script. At the end of the discussion on the nature of mental images, your textbook re-examines the analog viewpoint and the propositional viewpoint, in light of the accumulated research. According to this discussion, most mental imagery tasks seem to use an analog code, but some mental imagery tasks seem to use a propositional code. Suppose that you have just studied a map of a region, and you have formed a cognitive map for it. Based on what you know from Chapter 7, we could predict that you would estimate that two cities are far apart if there are many other cities in between. Suppose that Arthur lives in Houston, Texas, and his friend Scott lives in a much smaller city about 20 miles from Houston. Arthur seems to think that it is farther from Houston to that small town, compared to the distance from the small town to Houston. Arthur is demonstrating the landmark effect. How are the terms demand characteristics and experimenter expectancy related to each other? The experimenter's expectancy about a study's results may be one kind of demand characteristic. Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of the research on metacomprehension accuracy among college students? Cheryl: "Students' metacomprehension accuracy and their reading comprehension scores are significantly correlated." The concept called "feeling of knowing" is an estimate of the likelihood that you will recognize the correct answer to a question. Which of the following students provides the best comparison between the term "metacognition" and the term "self-knowledge"? Audrey: "Metacognition refers to your knowledge about your cognitive skills; self-knowledge is a general term that includes a wide variety of beliefs about yourself." Deep processing increases distinctiveness, which can be especially important in learning names. In which of the following conditions is your metamemory accuracy likely to be the highest? When you wait several minutes before judging whether you'll remember the material
The research on encoding specificity shows that the effect is more likely when items have been in memory for a long time. According to the research and discussion about source monitoring, government agencies, corporations, and the media sometimes make source-monitoring errors. Suppose that Joe experienced a hurricane about 18 months ago. His cousin Sam read about the hurricane in the newspaper, but he did not experience it. Which of the following would be most likely? Joe's recall would be more accurate than Sam's, even if it is not perfect. Suppose that your cousin believes that he has a vivid memory for the details surrounding the death of a famous person. This phenomenon is often called a flashbulb memory. Suppose that Peter is an expert in gymnastics. You would expect to find that he practices gymnastics very conscientiously, typically at least an hour every day. Christopher and MacDonald compared the working memory capacities of people with and without major depression. They found that, in general, depressed people performed worse on tasks involving either the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, or central executive. Which of the following students' statements best characterizes Baddeley's view of working memory? Sam: "Working memory has four separate components, each with its own specialized kind of cognitive activity." Solange is trying to recall her friend's new zip code, which is 14454. She remembers it by saying, "My birthday is September 14th; my father is 45 years old, and my nephew is 4 years old." Apparently, Solange has created chunks out of the zip code. Compared to the earlier view of short-term memory, the current view of working memory states that information is continuously being manipulated and changed. Clinical psychologists have conducted research on the Stroop effect. This research shows that individuals who have a phobia have trouble reporting the color of words related to their phobia. Suppose that some students are participating in a dichotic listening task. Which of the following kinds of students would be most likely to notice their names in the irrelevant message? Students with low working-memory capacity Chinese readers make saccadic eye movements when they are reading a book written in Chinese script. Compared to English readers, the Chinese readers move their eyes only two-three characters in a saccade, because each Chinese character contains more information. Research on dichotic listening shows that when people pay attention to one task, they typically notice little about other tasks. Saccadic movements are the very rapid movements of the eye from one location to another. The feature-analysis approach to object recognition argues that recognition involves detecting specific characteristics of the stimulus. According to the word superiority effect, we can recognize a letter faster and more accurately when it is part of a word, rather than when this letter appears by itself. Imagine that you are looking at a geometric drawing. At first, one shape in this drawing seems to be in front of other shapes. The next moment, this same shape seems to be located behind a second shape. This phenomenon is called: an ambiguous figure-ground relationship. In object recognition, an important problem with the feature-analysis approach is that it cannot explain how we perceive an object from different viewpoints. The primary visual cortex is located in the _______ lobe of the brain. occipital Chapter 1 presents some information about the history of cognition. According to this discussion behaviorism is an approach that relies on objective, observable reactions. Suppose that you are writing a paper about cognitive processes in people who are depressed. Which of the following topics would be most relevant for your paper? The ability of depressed individuals to recall people's names. Metacognition refers to your thoughts about your cognitive processes. Which of the following movements emphasized the human tendency to actively organize what we see? Gestalt psychology Recommended textbook solutions
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What can we conclude about the accuracy of speech production?What can we conclude about the accuracy of speech production? Even high-status speakers may produce a large number of speech errors. In discussing the social aspects of language, psycholinguistics researchers sometimes use a metaphor of two people dancing.
Which of the following students provides the best summary of the relationship between expertise and top down bottom up processing?Which of the following students provides the best summary of the relationship between expertise and top-down/bottom-up processing? a. Carrie: "Expert problem solvers tend to emphasize top-down processing because this framework provides the best overview of the problem."
What general conclusion can we reach about making inferences during reading quizlet?What general conclusion can we reach about making inferences during reading? People often make inferences, especially if they have expertise in the topic. it is difficult to manipulate the relevant independent variables.
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What can we conclude about the comparison between experts and nonexperts with respect to writing quizlet?
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