What do you call the science of collecting analyzing and interpreting and presenting data?

For data to have meaning, you need to analyse it, interpret its meaning in context and present it in a way that helps your reader use the information for their purpose.

These critical thinking skills are a key part of academic and professional work and usually involve evaluating information and making judgements and recommendations for both expert and non-expert audiences.

A step by step approach

When you’re dealing with data, it can help to work through it in three steps:

1. Analyse

Examine each component of the data in order to draw conclusions. Do you notice any patterns or trends? Can you see any errors or inconsistencies?

2. Interpret

Explain what these findings mean in the given context. What does this mean for your reader? What story is the data telling?

3. Present

Select, organise and group ideas and evidence in a logical way. Which findings are most relevant or important? Will text or graphics will make meaning clearer to your reader?

When you’re editing, highlight sections that are descriptive, analytical and interpretive. You can do this by looking for language that shows critical analysis and interpretation, such as ‘this is important because…’ ‘what this means is…’ ‘this indicates…’.

Once you've highlighted your paper, what do you notice? Is there more description than analysis? If so, you will need to address this in your next draft.

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Presentation on theme: "Statistics The science of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. The Statistical Problem Solving Process: 1.Ask a question of interest 2.Produce."— Presentation transcript:

1 Statistics The science of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. The Statistical Problem Solving Process: 1.Ask a question of interest 2.Produce or collect some data 3.Analyze, graph and describe the data 4.Make a conclusion, answering the question of interest

2 Individuals & Variables Individuals are the objects described by a set of data. –People, animals, or things A Variable is any characteristic of an individual. Variables can take different values for different individuals. –Categorical Variables: places an individual into one of several categories (Job type, gender, race) –Quantitative Variables: takes numerical values for which ordering and averaging make sense (age, weight, salary)

3 Example: a few lines from a teacher's gradebook Name Gender Grade level Calc No. Test 1 Hsu, Danny M 12 B319 81 Iris, Francine F 12 B298 92 Ruiz, Ricardo M 11 B304 87 What individuals does this data describe? What variables does this data describe? –Which of these are categorical? –Which are quantitative? Danny, Francine, and Ricardo Gender, grade level, calc no, and test grade Gender, calc no Grade level, test grade

4 Populations & Samples The population of interest in a statistical study is the entire group of individuals about which we want information –A parameter is a number that describes the population A sample is a part of the population from which we actually collect information. –A statistic is a number that describes the sample Sample data is used to draw conclusions about the population as a whole. –A statistic helps to estimate a parameter

5 Example: TV ratings http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/nielsen-solutions/nielsen-measurement/nielsen-tv- measurement.html http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/nielsen-solutions/nielsen-measurement/nielsen-tv- measurement.html Market research is designed to discover what consumers want and what products they use. One example of product research is the television rating service of Nielsen Media Research. The Nielsen ratings influence how much advertisers will pay to sponsor a program and whether or not the program stays on the air. Based on a 2010 study from 11,000 household people meters, Nielsen found that the average household has 2.5 TV's, 31% of the households own 4 or more TVs, and the average American watches 35.6 hours of TV a week. For this study: –What is the population? –What is the sample? –What are the individuals? –What variables were measured? (C or Q?) –Are the numbers given (2.5, 31%, and 35.6) parameters or statistics? American households 11,000 households Each household # of TVs (Q/C), hrs watched (Q) statistics

6 Census http://www.census.gov/multimedia/www/videos/stats_in_action.php?intcmp=sldr4 http://www.census.gov/multimedia/www/videos/stats_in_action.php?intcmp=sldr4 A study that attempts to include the entire population in the sample. Censuses are often too costly and timely to conduct so we take samples instead. The Bureau of Labor and Statistics and Census Bureau conduct a census of the US every 10 years and sample surveys much more frequently. –The Current Population Survey (CPS) interviews about 60,000 monthly. –The American Community Survey (ACS) interviews about 3,000,000 households each year. –http://www.census.gov/people/laborforce/publications/ACS-CPS_Comparison_Report.pdfhttp://www.census.gov/people/laborforce/publications/ACS-CPS_Comparison_Report.pdf

7 2 Types of Studies Observational Study Experimental Study

8 Observational Study An observational study observes individuals and measures variable(s) of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses. The purpose of an observational study is to describe some group or situation.

9 Experiments An experiment deliberately imposes treatments on individuals in order to observe their responses. The purpose of an experiment is to study whether the treatment causes a change in the response.

10 The Beauty of Well Designed Experiments Everyone randomly chooses a red or blue chip out of a bag. The red group is assigned to do jumping jacks for two minutes and the blue group is assigned to meditate for two minutes. After the two minutes, their heart rate is measured. Does the treatment cause the difference in heart rate? Since well designed experiments have an element of control, they can be used to imply causation (cause/effect) between the variables.

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12 Observational Study or Experiment? A business is studying the relationship between physical fitness and productivity. They divide the employee volunteers into two groups (low and high fitness) and then compare their productivity once the fitness program has been completed. You want to determine what the most popular cars on campus are. To do this, you go to the parking lot and record the types of cars for several samples from different areas of the lot. A insurance company wants to research if there is a difference in the number of children elementary and secondary teachers have. They submit a questionnaire to a random sample of teachers asking them to categorize themselves as elementary or secondary and how many children they have.

13 The Statistical Problem Solving Process - APAC A – Ask a question of interest P – Produce data A – Analyze and describe/graph the data C – Conclusion, answering the question

14 Using APAC http://www.usatoday.com/ http://www.usatoday.com/ Which element of APAC is shown here? What is a reasonable question of interest? How do you think the data were produced? –Observational or experimental? –What are the individuals? –What is the variable? –Is it quantitative or categorical? What can be concluded?

15 Additional example According to the National Institute on Media and the Family, a preschooler’s risk of obesity jumps 6% for every hour of television watched per day. The risk increases by 31% if the TV is in their bedroom. –1.What element of APAC is given here? –2. What is a reasonable question of interest in this case? –3. The actual study that produced these results involved 2761 low- income adults in New York with children aged 1 to 4 years. Who are the individuals in this study? Do you think this was done with an observational study or an experimental study? –4. What variable(s) were measured?

What is the science of collecting analyzing presenting and interpreting data?

What is the importance of collecting organizing presenting and interpreting data?

What term is used to describe the science of organizing and analyzing information?

What is the study of statistics?