What is a systematic arrangement of ideas using broad topics in the form of words or simple phrases as headers?

Abstract: "A summary or brief description of the content of another longer work. An abstract is often provided along with the citation to a work."

Almanac: "1. A collection, usually annual, of statistics and facts, both current and retrospective. May be broad in geographical and subject coverage, or limited to a particular country or state or to a special subject. 2. An annual containing miscellaneous matter, such as a calendar, a list of astronomical events, planting tables, astrological predictions, and anecdotes" (Definition from Yale University Library)

Annotation: "1. A note that describes, explains, or evaluates; especially such a note added to an entry in a bibliography, reading list, or catalog. 2. Process of making such notes. Annotation is the end product of making such notes." (Definition from Colorado State University Libraries)

Archives: "1. A space which houses historical or public records. 2. The historical or public records themselves, which are generally non-circulating materials such as collections of personal papers, rare books, ephemera, etc."

Article: "A brief work—generally between 1 and 35 pages in length—on a topic. Often published as part of a journal, magazine, or newspaper."

Atlas: "A book or bound collection of maps, illustrations, etc.; Volume of maps, plates, engravings, tables, etc., which may be used to accompany a text; or it may be an independent publication." (Definition from Colorado State University Libraries)

Attachment: "A separate file (e.g., text, spreadsheet, graphic, audio, video) sent with an email message."

Authentication: "A security process that typically employs usernames and passwords to validate the identity of users before allowing them access to certain information."

Author: "The person(s) or organization(s) that wrote or compiled a document. Looking for information under its author's name is one option in searching."

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READING AND WRITING SKILLS (Summary of Topics Discussed) I. TEXT: A CONNECTED DISCOURSE Discourse - an extended expression of thoughts or ideas - utterance, talk, speech, discussion, and conversation * The ideas in discourse are not connected or do not have a particular structure. Text - a large unit of written language - a group of ideas put together to make a point or one central idea - has a structure which requires the ideas in the discourse to be relevant to each other - an actually connected discourse WORDS Morphology - the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language - analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as root words, prefixes, and suffixes Morpheme - the smallest grammatical unit in a language Two Types of Morpheme:  Free Morpheme- can function independently as a word Examples: house, cat, blood  Bound Morpheme - a word element attached to a root word (the main part of a word) to give it another meaning - cannot function independently as a word Examples: affixes (prefixes and suffixes) Affix - a morpheme that is attached to a root word to form a new word  Prefix - a morpheme that comes before a root word Examples: auto- (automobile) in- (incorrect) over(overcharge)  Suffix - a morpheme that comes after a root word Examples: -ful (forgetful) -ish (childish) -ive (active) Compound Words - combination of two different words Examples: back + ward = backward (towards the reverse direction) book + shelf = bookshelf (storage of books) full + moon = full moon (a moon appearing as a bright circle) six + pack = six-pack (often in reference to a pack of drinks) Context Clues - are words, phrases, and sentences that surround an unfamiliar word and help you recognize the meaning of an unknown word Most Common Types of Context Clues 1. Synonyms - used when the text has words or phrases that are similar in meaning to the unknown word Example: The narrator in the poem was euphoric at his son's victory, for he cried out triumphantly when the boy came home. Euphoric-victorious; triumphant; very happy and excited 2. Antonyms - words that reveal the opposite meaning in relation to the unknown word Example: Although Mary was willing to play in the snow, Jack was reluctant because he was so cold. reluctant- not willing to do something; hesitant 3. Examples - are specific details in a text that are used to clarify the meaning of a word Example: Projectiles include those items that are shot forward such as a cannon shell, bullet, or rocket. Projectiles- things (such as bullet or rocket) that are shot from weapon 4. Definition - is usually signaled by a form of the verb to be (am, is, are, was, were) or by commas or dashes Example: The prisoner was in a state of wrath—a feeling of intense anger. wrath- extreme anger 5. Explanation - words or phrases that explain the unfamiliar word's meaning. Example: Elis is a blithe young girl, because she always greets everyone with a smile. blithe - cheerful; happy, lighthearted *A text is a connected discourse, which means that all ideas in the text must be related in the sense that they would express only one main idea, or that the text must have unity by combining all ideas to emphasize central idea.

II. TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND ORGANIZING INFORMATION Brainstorming list-is the most popular tool in generating creative and rich ideas Two Methods in Brainstorming 1. Idea list-- involves writing the main topic and listing down the related ideas

2. Idea map- a visual representation of ideas and their connections with one another - more structured - shows how one idea subordinates another idea

GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS-are visual representations of concepts that help us structure information into organizational patterns. Types of graphic organizers: 1. Venn Diagram-uses two or more overlapping circles to show similar and different attributes

2. Network Tree- used to represent hierarchy, classification, and branching

3. Spider Map-used to investigate and enumerate various aspects of a central idea, which could be a concept, topic, or theme; also known as semantic map

8. Fishbone Map-used to better understand the causal relationship of a complex phenomenon; shows the factors that cause a specific event or problem, as well as details of each cause

4. Problem-Solution Map-displays the nature of the problem and how it can be solved 9.Cycle-describes how a series of events interact to produce a set of results repeatedly

5. Timeline-used to show how events occurred chronologically through a long bar labeled with dates and specific events 10. Persuasion Map-used to map out arguments and evidence that prove a viewpoint

6. Plot Diagram-used to map events in the story; used to analyze the major parts of a plot

OUTLINE-considered as a plan for writing; a summary that gives the essential feature of a text. KINDS OF OUTLINE ACCORDING TO FORMAT  Alphanumeric Outline- uses both letters and numbers as labels  Decimal Outline- uses only numbers as labels 7. Series of Events Chain- used to show the logical sequence of events

Decimal Outline 1.

1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 1.3

Alphanumeric Outline I.

A. 1. a. b. c. B. C.

KINDS OF OUTLINE ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE  Topic Outline-a systematic arrangement of ideas using broad topics in the form of words or simple phrases as headers



Sentence Outline- uses complete sentences as its entries; also known as expanded outline

III. PATTERNS FOR DEVELOPING IDEAS IN WRITING     

   

Narration- the most basic pattern of development; describes how, when, and where an event or occurrence actually happened Process Analysis-presents a series of steps in a procedure in chronological order and shows how this sequence of steps leads to particular results. Cause and Effect- discusses either the reasons for an occurrence or the observed or predicted consequences of an occurrence. Comparison and Contrast- organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one another Classification and Exemplification  Classification - divides things into groups, classes, or categories  Exemplification- provides examples and illustrations in order to further clarify or explain the concept or subject matter Description- the pattern of development which goes into details about a specific object, person, or location, in order to firmly set its appearance Definition- explains not just what something means or is, but also what something does, what something is used for, what something looks like, etc. Problem-solution- focuses on either a problem or solution in a particular area or situation Persuasion- convinces readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular topic

IV. PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT 1. Organization • refers to the arrangement of ideas in a text * Creating an outline of ideas before you start writing can help your work become organized. 2. Coherence and Cohesion • refer to the connection of ideas and connection between sentences and between paragraphs * In order for you to assure coherence and cohesion, you need to use transitional or cohesive devices. 3.Appropriate Language Use • refers to the acceptable style of language for a particular form of text 4. Proper Mechanics • refers to the conventions of writing which includes capitalization, punctuation, spelling, numerals, abbreviations, acronyms and contractions

What do you call the visual representation of concepts that help us structure information into organizational patterns?

What technique in selecting or organizing information is useful when arranging general to specific ideas?

What is called as a visual representation of ideas and their connection with one another?

Can be useful because it provides a format in which ideas can be arranged in a hierarchy?