Presentation on theme: "Chapter 8: Thinking and Language"— Presentation transcript: 1 Chapter 8: Thinking and Language Show
2 Section 1 at a Glance Understanding Thinking 3 Basic Elements of Thinking
4 Prototypes A prototype is an example of a concept that best exemplifies the characteristics of that concept. Prototypes help us categorize the
world and process information about it. Without prototypes, people might have to examine unfamiliar elements as if they were totally new. 5 Three Kinds of Thinking 6 Metacognition
Metacognition consists of planning, evaluating, and monitoring mental activities. It is thinking about thinking. It has two different aspects: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences. 7 8 Section 2 at a Glance Problem Solving 9 Approaches to Problem Solving
10 Problem-Solving Methods 11 Means-End Analysis Working
Backward 12 Analogies An analogy is a similarity between two or more items, events, or
situations. When people have successfully solved one problem, they may try to use the same approach in solving another problem if it is similar enough to the first one. 13 Obstacles to Problem Solving
14 Problem Solving and Creativity 15 16 Insight and Incubation 17 18 Section 3 at a Glance Reasoning and Decision Making 19 Deductive Reasoning Reasoning is the use of information to reach conclusions. There are two main types of
reasoning: deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. In deductive reasoning, the conclusion is true if the premises are true. A premise is an idea or statement that provides the basic information that allows us to draw conclusions. 20 Inductive Reasoning In deductive reasoning, we
usually start out with a general statement or principle and reason down to specifics that fit that statement or principle. In inductive reasoning, we reason from individual cases or particular facts to reach a general conclusion. In inductive reasoning, the conclusion is sometimes wrong, even when the premises are correct. Even though inductive reasoning does not allow us to be certain that our assumptions are correct, we use inductive reasoning all the
time. Most sciences, including psychology, rely on inductive reasoning. 21 Weighing Costs and Benefits 22 Shortcuts in Decision Making
23 The Anchoring Heuristic
24 Section 4 at a Glance Language 25 Basic Concepts of Language 26
The Basic Elements of Language 27 The Stages of Language
Development 28 Development of Grammar 29 Bilingualism To speak
two languages fluently is to be bilingual.
30 Cultural Diversity and Psychology What is communicating ideas through symbols?Symbol-based communication is often used by individuals who are unable to communicate using speech alone and who have not yet developed, or have difficulty developing literacy skills. Symbols offer a visual representation of a word or idea.
Is defined as the communication of information through symbols arranged to specific grammatical rules?Cards. The communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules. The system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed.
What is the way in which words are arranged to make sentences called?syntax, the arrangement of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases, and the study of the formation of sentences and the relationship of their component parts.
What is an idea or statement that provides basic info that allows us to draw conclusions?A premise is a statement in an argument that provides reason or support for the conclusion.
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