Show
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of CommunicationSubstantive, peer-reviewed, and regularly updated, the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication combines the speed and flexibility of digital with the rigorous standards of academic publishing.
Geert Hofstede, in his pioneer study looking at differences in culture across modern nations, identified four dimensions of cultural values: individualism-collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity-femininity. Working with researcher Michael Bond, Hofstede later added a fifth dimension with called dynamic Confucianism, or long-term orientation. According to Hofstede’s research, people, in individualistic societies, are expected to care for themselves and their immediate families only; while in collectivist cultures, people view themselves as members of larger groups, including extended family members, and are expected to take responsibility in caring for each other. With regards to power distance, different countries have varying levels of accepting the distribution of unequal power. Uncertainty avoidance takes into consideration that the “extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations.” Then, masculinity-femininity examines the dominant values of a culture and determines where these values land on a spectrum in which “masculine” is associated with assertiveness, the acquisition of money and things, as well as not caring for others. Finally, long-term orientation looks at the extent to which a society considers respect for tradition and fulfilling social obligations; some future-oriented values are persistence and thrift. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions have formed a fundamental framework for viewing others. International business people, psychologists, communications researchers, and diplomats all benefit from Hofstede’s work, as well as everyone else. Utilizing these interpretative frameworks leads to a greater understanding of ourselves and others. To see differences across cultures more clearly, we compiled a list of illustrations of Hofstede’s concepts in action.
“Sierra Leone” by Annie Spratt. Public Domain via Unsplash.
“Xi’an Bell Tower, Xi’an, China” by Lin Qiang. Public Domain via Unsplash.
Featured image credit: “Mexico, Puebla, Cuetzalan” by CrismarPerez. Public Domain via Pixabay. Cassandra Gill is a marketing coordinator for Oxford University Press. Information for this post was sourced from Meina Liu’s article, “Verbal Communication Styles and Culture” in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. Our Privacy Policy sets out how Oxford University Press handles your personal information, and your rights to object to your personal information being used for marketing to you or being processed as part of our business activities. We will only use your personal information to register you for OUPblog articles. Or subscribe to articles in the subject area by email or RSS Which of the following terms refers to citizens of a country other than the parent or host country?An expatriate, or expat, is an individual living and/or working in a country other than their country of citizenship, often temporarily and for work reasons.
What is expatriate failure and its causes?Expatriate failure is often caused by lack of practical support in the host country and/or disconnection with the home environment. It is crucial that relocation support does not end as soon as the employee has arrived at their new destination.
Which term refers to an employee who is reassigned to an international jurisdiction?International Assignee. employee who is being reassigned to an international jurisdiction.
Which one of the following terms refers to citizens of the country in which the multinational company has its headquarters?For the MNCs, "home-country nationals" is the term used for the country's citizens in which they have headquarters.
|