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Terms in this set (116)The official poverty line is adjusted annually for inflation and takes into account standard of living. False The official poverty measure probably underestimates the number of Americans in poverty. True Which individual, working as an economist with the Social Security Administration in 1974, developed a measure of poverty that would become the official federal standard? Mollie Orshansky Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) would be an example of (a)n . . . All of the Above (Entitlement, Means-Tested, Public Assistance) Using government statistics for 2008, we learn all of the following EXCEPT . . . A high proportion of the poor are the elderly. In 2007 the percentage of women earning poverty wages remained well below that for men. False Which of the following programs were initiated during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations? All of the Above (Medicare, Medicaid, Food Stamps) The proportion of people with household incomes under half the poverty level has climbed substantially since the . . . Late 1970's. Only a minority of the poor live in suburbs, small towns, and rural areas; the majority live in the central cities of metropolitan areas. False Which of the following is NOT one of the three factors that may help us account for the current rate of poverty? The increase in the number of poor immigrants Many Americans experience poverty temporarily due to: All of the Above (Loss of Job, Physical Injury, and Divorce). President Lyndon Johnson identified his __________ as one of the top priorities of his administration. War on Poverty Divorce and unwed motherhood are no longer stigmatized as they once were. True The research of Ornati and Rainwater supported the idea that a minimum living standard is relative. True According to 2007 estimates, between 10 and 15 million Americans are poor. False By 2008 the poverty line for a family of four was about: $22,000 The welfare reform of 1996 has been highly successful in reducing poverty. False By 2008 the poverty line for a family of four was about $19,000. False "Means-tested" public assistance programs are . . . Only available to people with incomes below a specified threshold. There are many more white poor than black or Hispanic poor. True Although intergenerational upward social mobility is still pretty common, it has slowed in the Age of Growing Inequality. True Members of the Working Class have high rates of political participation. False The political influence of this group has declined significantly as the good-producing industries of the economy, which typically had strong union membership, have contracted. Working Class According to Gilbert limited and erratic work histories, lack of skills, and incomplete education makes finding full-time employment difficult for members of this class. Underclass Since the early 1970s, wages have more or less stagnated and the distribution of wages has become increasingly unequal. True All of the following are true about the American Middle Class EXCEPT: The Middle Class has a greater political impact than other classes. Although the economic resources of the Capitalist Class enable them to operate within the world of politics in ways that reinforce their structural position, they are unable to operate in a similar fashion within the world of media. False The lower boundary of this class, defined by commitment to employment, is blurred by the tendency of some individuals to move back and forth across it. Working Poor The Gilbert model of the American class structure emphasizes . . . Source of Income The lifestyles of the Upper Middle Class are becoming increasingly normative for the whole of American society. True The poor are more likely to be over 65 and less likely to be under 18 than they were in 1960. False The ever-increasing purchasing power of this class is making it more influential, and their lifestyles are becoming increasingly normative for the whole of American society. Which of the following classes fits this description? Upper-Middle Class There has been an appreciable reduction in the poverty rate since the 1960s. False The __________ Class is defined by its dependence on income-producing wealth. Capitalist Which one of the following is NOT one of the six classes identified by Gilbert? Lower Middle Class The Gilbert model of the American class structure emphasizes amount of income. False The Working Poor are highly involved in the political process. False Which class can be distinguished from the Capitalist Class not only because they have lower incomes, but because the majority of their income is acquired through salaries and/or professional fees as opposed to income-generating wealth? Upper-Middle Class Together these two classes make up the majority of the American class structure. Middle and Working Classes The postindustrial economy tends toward occupational polarization. True Today's American labor movement is at its weakest points since __________. The 1920's. Marx's theory correctly predicted revolutionary activity in a number of advanced industrial countries. False During the Age of Shared Prosperity, labor played a more dynamic role in national politics than in the workplace. True Most members of the working-class in America tend to identify with the Republican Party. False The right to union representation in the U.S. was written into the law through the . . . National Labor Relations Act The Democratic Party has become increasingly attentive to the needs of organized labor in recent years. False The political power of organized labor has declined considerably as its lessening ability to mobilize a diminishing union vote has resulted in a(n) __________ less conscientious to its needs. Democratic Party Class, defined by occupation, has become less likely to be politically significant. False Although revolution is common, class struggle is rare. False Most members of the working-class in America tend to identify with the . . . Democratic Party Richard Centers' original (1946) studies of class identification only considered men. True The working class in contemporary America has a strong class consciousness. False The majority of Americans favor increased spending on schools, child care, Social Security and "aid to the poor." True Exit polling in the 2008 elections showed a strong relationship between income and party vote. True Class conflict is especially evident in which of the following two realms? Electoral Politics and Labor Relations People who recognize and articulate their class position are __________. More likely to promote their class interests. ______________ has pointed out that "people do not experience their objective class position as a single clearly defined status." Marx Which of the following statements is NOT correct? More liberal Democrats toward the middle and bottom of the class structure are more likely to be politically active. The National Labor Relations Act is also known as the __________ Act. Wagner Which of the following is NOT one of the factors regarded by Marx as especially significant in the formation of class consciousness? Improved Working Conditions Centers' studies of class identification studied __________. Men Employers have played an instrumental role in suppressing union formation by exploiting differences of _______________________ among workers. Race, Ethnicity, and Skill Level Following World War II business leaders accepted the existence of organized labor, but they insisted on retaining the right to manage all but which of the following? Contract Negotiations During the period identified by Gilbert as the Age of Shared Prosperity, the labor movement became . . . Both Unagressive and Satisfied Organized labor in America has tended to focus on securing union recognition, economic security, and decent working condition, rather than fundamental changes in system. True The revolutions that Marx anticipated in industrializing agrarian states occurred as he had predicted. False Richard Centers was able to show that _____________ were affected by class identification. Political Opinions Two-year community colleges tend to draw their students from the _____________ of the income distribution. Lower Half Most Americans believe in "equality of opportunity" and "equality of results". False According the findings of the "High School and Beyond" study, ____________ and social class are strong, independent determinants of educational attainment. Mental Ability Which of the following would not be considered a "selective institution"? University of South Dakota The income gap between high school and college graduates has declined significantly in recent years. False Jencks annoyed some critics of his work because he called randomness "luck,"implying that the course of our lives is more arbitrary than we care to admit. True Education has an independent effect on individual's career success. True Most Americans believe that some inequality in society is acceptable. True Blau and Duncan found that . . . All of the Above Affirmative action at selective schools has mainly benefited middle to upper-middle class black students. True When measuring variance, the higher the percentage the stronger the relationship between variables. True Correlation is measured by a coefficient that ranges from 0.0 to 1.00. What correlation coefficient would demonstrate a perfect relationship between two variables? 1.00 The study of ________________ is complicated due to the frequency with which relevant variables are correlated. Social Mobility In studying the multivariate relationship between career success and failure, Blau and Duncan conceptualized two key aspects of the problem. These are: Chains of Causation and Multiple Causal Pathways Social class has been shown to influence . . . All of the Above Which of the following results was NOT found to be true in the "High School and Beyond" national study? Mental ability and social class are weak determinants of educational attainment. What two variables did Jencks and his colleagues add to the Blau and Duncan model? Income and Son's IQ The gap in college completion between high-status graduates and low-status graduates has decreased since the early 1970s. False Most Americans believe that the educational system in the U.S. is the great equalizer providing all with the opportunity to transcend whatever particular social class they were born into. True Jencks believed that the best way to address economic inequality in the United States is to improve the quality of bad schools. False Courts have ruled that no limit can be placed on the amount that candidates or their families can spend on their own campaigns. True Elite theories often focus on . . . Specific institutional bases of power. The elite perspective is primarily concerned about the identity of the rulers and the structure that creates them. False The "Establishment" faded away in part because recruitment to positions of power in business and government had become less open and meritocratic. False Even after the stock market boom of the 1990s, the great majority of American households owned no corporate stock or mutual fund shares. True The Business Roundtable consists of . . . CEOs of approximately 200 of the largest corporations. Which of the following is NOT a common behavior of members of the Upper Class social world? Association with a broad number of social classes. Mills' conception of the national power structure centered on the growing significance of three major interlocking institutions. These are . . . The Modern Corporation, the Executive Branch of the Federal Government, and the Military Establishment. According to Riesman in his book The Lonely Crowd, leadership is important to both initiate new ideas and to maintain the status quo. False Dahl questioned the extent to which Mills' power elite were a cohesive group with unitary interests. True In his book Who Rules America (2006), William Domhoff examines a particular elite group, the directors of major corporations. True __________ are organizations staffed with experts in various fields who produce research findings and policy recommendations. Think Tanks Which of the following was NOT a reason that the "Establishment" has faded away? Fewer women, Jews, Catholics, and blacks were entering the elite. Political Action Committees are organizations dedicated to formulating and disseminating broad proposals for national policy. False Focusing on the idea of __________, Dye noted that 7, 314 positions of elite power are held by only 5,778 individuals indicating that some members of the elite hold multiple positions, some as many as five. Interlocking Directorates A traditional division within the capitalist class, in terms its economic aspects, has been between the following two groups: __________ and __________. National Capitalists and Local Capitalists Registered __________ are created under the provisions of the campaign finance laws to regulate group political donations. Political Action Committees The pluralistic perspective denies that power is concentrated in one group; in democratic societies a plurality of interest groups vie for power. True Lerner, Nagai, and Rothman contend that there is a plurality of elites, not simply one core "power elite" like that suggested by Mills. True Recent research by Domhoff shows that the corporate community has been diversifying to include more . . . Women and Racial and Ethnic minorities Domhoff explained how group solidarity among the elite is maintained through all of the following EXCEPT __________. Personal Distance According to Max Weber, the rich tend to draw together into Upper-Class __________ with common lifestyles, values, and patterns of association. Status Communities Major charitable foundations are organizations staffed with experts in various fields who produce research findings and policy recommendations. False Gilbert compares the huge fortunes of the late 20 th century typically derived from the vastly expanded financial sector and enterprises related to information technology and the Internet to __________. The fortunes made in the 19th century Gilded Age in manufacturing and related sectors. The threat of the loss of business confidence is an indirect veto over government policy. True Power is defined as the potential of individuals or groups to carry out their will even over the opposition of others. True Mills suggested two ways in which the three distinct elites might be melded into one single, internally cohesive power elite. These are . . . Social-Psychological Mechanisms and Structural Mechanisms. Many House and Senate elections are really no contest at all because the incumbent has many more times the campaign funds than the challenger. True Labor contributions to national campaigns far exceed business contributions. False Sets with similar termsSocial Inequality Exam 450 terms allysdrea Social Inequality Exam 350 terms ncast21 Sociology 134 Exam 3 Krier92 terms Grace_Kissell SOC Final (Gilbert)56 terms benlarnold Sets found in the same folderSOC Chapt 135 terms Yumderitos SOC Chapt 228 terms Yumderitos SOC Chapt 328 terms Yumderitos SOC Chapt 428 terms Yumderitos Other sets by this creatorHUM 351 Exam 230 terms Yumderitos 351 Exam 143 terms Yumderitos Unit 3 Nature12 terms Yumderitos Week 2 Religion and Environment10 terms Yumderitos Verified questionsSOCIOLOGY Complete the sentence using each term once. a. monogamy b. polyandry c. polygyny d. exogamy e. endogamy f. homogamy g. patrilineal h. blended family i. dual-employed marriage j. boomerang kids. The marriage of one man to two or more women at the same is called ________ Verified answer SOCIOLOGY large trucks can be ___________ times longer than passenger cars Verified answer SOCIOLOGY Material tools of a culture, such as computers, change faster than nonmaterial tools, such as norms and values. This difference creates what has been called cultural lag. Computers have been around for some time. Still many Americans lag behind in their proficiency with the technology. Interview people you know of varying ages: someone under age twelve, some fellow teens, some young adults, and some elderly adults. Ask them how computer literate they are. Do they know how to use Windows? The internet? Does cultural lag exist in your sample? If so, try to find reasons or explanations for the lag. Verified answer SOCIOLOGY Using the concept of victim discounting, explain why lower-class criminals are usually punished more severely than white-collar criminals for the same crime. 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What is a single-button DDoS tool suspected to be used by groups such as Anonymous? 4 answers QUESTION The basis of infant-toddler curriculum is interaction with caregivers, peers, and objects. True or False? 2 answers QUESTION T/F: Hacking has always been motivated by causing damage or stealing information. 3 answers What is the relationship between the economic status and academic performance?On average, a student who attends a school in which the average socioeconomic status is high enjoys better educational outcomes compared to a student attending a school with a lower average peer socioeconomic level.
What is the relationship between social class and school success?"Educational achievement" is the tendency for some groups to do better or worse in terms of educational success. Research reveals that the higher the social class, the higher the levels of educational achievement are likely to be.
What is the relationship between socioeconomic status and school achievement quizlet?According to Woolfolk, what is the relationship between socioeconomic status and school achievement? Socioeconomic status and school achievement are moderately related.
What is the relationship between socioeconomic status and academic achievement?Research continues to link lower SES to lower academic achievement and slower rates of academic progress as compared with higher SES communities.
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What is the relationship between socio economic status and school achievement quizlet?
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