What school of therapists believe that people are born with a natural tendency to be friendly cooperative and constructive?

The psychological model that explains abnormal behaviour in the light of learning maladaptive ways is:

1. Cognitive model
2. Psychodynamic model
3. Social model
4. Behavioural model

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : Behavioural model

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There are several psychological models that provide a psychological explanation of mental disorders. These models maintain that psychological and interpersonal factors have a significant role to play in abnormal behavior. These factors include maternal deprivation (separation from the mother, or lack of warmth and stimulation during early years of life), faulty parent-child relationships (rejection, overprotection, over - permissiveness, faulty discipline, etc.), maladaptive family structures (inadequate or disturbed family), and severe stress.

The psychological models include the psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic-existential models.

1) Psychodynamic model:

• Psychodynamic theorists believe that behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is determined by psychological forces within the person of which s/he is not consciously aware.
• These internal forces are considered dynamic, i.e. they interact with one another and their interaction gives shape to behavior, thoughts, and emotions.
• Abnormal symptoms are viewed as the result of conflicts between these forces.
• This model was first formulated by Freud who believed that three central forces shape personality — instinctual needs, drives, and impulses (id), rational thinking (ego), and moral standards (superego).
• Freud stated that abnormal behavior is a symbolic expression of unconscious mental conflicts that can be generally traced to early childhood or infancy.

2) Behavioural model:

• This model states that both normal and abnormal behaviors are learned and psychological disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving.
• The model concentrates on behaviors that are learned through conditioning and propose that what has been learned can be unlearned.
• Learning can take place by classical conditioning (temporal association in which two events repeatedly occur close together in time), operant conditioning (behavior is followed by a reward), and social learning (learning by imitating others’ behavior).  These three types of conditioning account for behavior, whether adaptive or maladaptive.

3) Cognitive model: 

• This model states that abnormal functioning can result from cognitive problems.
• People may hold assumptions and attitudes about themselves that are irrational and inaccurate.
• People may also repeatedly think in illogical ways and make overgeneralizations, that is, they may draw broad, negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event

4) Humanistic-existential model:

• It focuses on broader aspects of human existence.
• Humanists believe that human beings are born with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, and constructive, and are driven to self-actualize, i.e. to fulfill this potential for goodness and growth.
• Existentialists believe that from birth we have total freedom to give meaning to our existence or to avoid that responsibility. Those who shirk from this responsibility would live empty, inauthentic, and dysfunction.

Hence, The psychological model that explains abnormal behavior in the light of learning maladaptive ways is Behavioural model.

Sociocultural model: 

• abnormal behavior is best understood in light of the social and cultural forces that influence an individual. 
• As behavior is shaped by societal forces, factors such as family structure and communication, social networks, societal conditions, and societal labels and roles become more important.

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Who believes that people are born with a natural tendency to be friendly cooperative and constructive?

Which theorists believe people are driven to self actualize?

Which is a therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long term relationship?

Who is considered to be the pioneer of the humanistic perspective?