Pediatric Vital Signs Normal Ranges Summary Table:
(Flynn, Kaelber et al. 2017, National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in and Adolescents 2004, Xi, Zong et al. 2016, Morgan & Mikhail's Clinical Anesthesiology, Chapter 42. Pediatric Anesthesia)
* For Newborn infants, BP values vary considerably during the first few weeks of life and the definition of HTN in preterm and term neonates also varies. Data have been compiled on neonatal BP values and the summary table is available. Please note that no alternative data have been developed recently. For further information, please see the following articles: Dionne, J. M., et al. (2012). "Hypertension in infancy: diagnosis, management, and outcome." Pediatr Nephrol 27(1): 17-32. Dionne, J. M., et al. (2017). "Hypertension Canada's 2017 Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Pediatric Hypertension." Can J Cardiol 33(5): 577-585. "Report of the Second Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children--1987. Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland." Pediatrics 79(1): 1-25. When to start screening for high BP and how often?(National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in and Adolescents 2004)
Hypertension (HTN) or High Blood Pressure(Chen and Wang 2008, Chiolero, Cachat et al. 2007, McNiece, Poffenbarger et al. 2007, National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in and Adolescents 2004, Weaver 2019)
A Summary of Pediatric BP Categories, Stages and Follow-Up
(National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in and Adolescents 2004, Chen and Wang 2008, Banker, Bell et al. 2016, Flynn, Kaelber et al. 2017, Weaver 2017, Weaver 2019)
Obtaining Accurate Blood Pressure Measurements:(Scott, Rocchini et al. 1988, Pickering, Hall, et al. 2005)
Childhood Obesity and its Effects on Blood Pressure
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"Single blood pressure chart for children up to 13 years to improve the recognition of hypertension based on existing normative data." Arch Dis Child. do Carmo, J. M., A. A. da Silva, Z. Cai, S. Lin, J. H. Dubinion and J. E. Hall (2011). "Control of blood pressure, appetite, and glucose by leptin in mice lacking leptin receptors in proopiomelanocortin neurons." Hypertension 57(5): 918-926. Flynn, J. T., D. C. Kaelber, C. M. Baker-Smith, D. Blowey, A. E. Carroll, S. R. Daniels, S. D. de Ferranti, J. M. Dionne, B. Falkner, S. K. Flinn, S. S. Gidding, C. Goodwin, M. G. Leu, M. E. Powers, C. Rea, J. Samuels, M. Simasek, V. V. Thaker, E. M. Urbina, S. Subcommittee On and C. Management Of High Blood Pressure In (2017). "Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents." Pediatrics 140(3). Kalil, G. Z. and W. G. Haynes (2012). "Sympathetic nervous system in obesity-related hypertension: mechanisms and clinical implications." Hypertens Res 35(1): 4-16. Mattoo, T. K. (2002). "Arm cuff in the measurement of blood pressure." Am J Hypertens 15(2 Pt 2): 67S-68S. McNiece, K. L., T. S. Poffenbarger, J. L. Turner, K. D. Franco, J. M. Sorof and R. J. Portman (2007). "Prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension among adolescents." The Journal of pediatrics 150(6): 640-644. e641. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in, C. and Adolescents (2004). "The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents." Pediatrics 114(2 Suppl 4th Report): 555-576. Ogden, C. L., M. D. Carroll, C. D. Fryar and K. M. Flegal (2015). "Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults and Youth: United States, 2011-2014." NCHS Data Brief(219): 1-8. Ostchega, Y., J. P. Hughes, T. Nwankwo and G. Zhang (2018). "Mean mid-arm circumference and blood pressure cuff sizes for US children, adolescents and adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2016." Blood Press Monit 23(6): 305-311. Ostchega, Y., J. P. Hughes, R. J. Prineas, G. Zhang, T. Nwankwo and M. M. Chiappa (2014). "Mid-arm circumference and recommended blood pressure cuffs for children and adolescents aged between 3 and 19 years: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2010." Blood Press Monit 19(1): 26-31. Palatini, P. and G. N. Frick (2012). "Cuff and bladder: overlooked components of BP measurement devices in the modern era?" Am J Hypertens 25(2): 136-138. Parker, E. D., A. R. Sinaiko, E. O. Kharbanda, K. L. Margolis, M. F. Daley, N. K. Trower, N. E. Sherwood, L. C. Greenspan, J. C. Lo, D. J. Magid and P. J. O'Connor (2016). "Change in Weight Status and Development of Hypertension." Pediatrics 137(3): e20151662. Pickering, T. G., J. E. Hall, L. J. Appel, B. E. Falkner, J. Graves, M. N. Hill, D. W. Jones, T. Kurtz, S. G. Sheps and E. J. Roccella (2005). "Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research." Circulation 111(5): 697-716. Pickering, T. G., J. E. Hall, L. J. Appel, B. E. Falkner, J. W. Graves, M. N. Hill, D. H. Jones, T. Kurtz, S. G. Sheps, E. J. Roccella, P. Council on High Blood Pressure Research and A. H. A. Public Education Subcommittee (2005). "Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans: an AHA scientific statement from the Council on High Blood Pressure Research Professional and Public Education Subcommittee." J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 7(2): 102-109. Prineas, R. J., Y. Ostchega, M. Carroll, C. Dillon and M. McDowell (2007). "US demographic trends in mid-arm circumference and recommended blood pressure cuffs for children and adolescents: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988-2004." Blood Press Monit 12(2): 75-80. Rasouli, N. and P. A. Kern (2008). "Adipocytokines and the metabolic complications of obesity." J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(11 Suppl 1): S64-73. Scott, W. A., A. P. Rocchini, E. L. Bove, D. M. Behrendt, R. H. Beekman, M. Dick, 2nd, G. Serwer, R. Snider and A. Rosenthal (1988). "Repair of interrupted aortic arch in infancy." J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 96(4): 564-568. Stefan, N., B. Vozarova, T. Funahashi, Y. Matsuzawa, C. Weyer, R. S. Lindsay, J. F. Youngren, P. J. Havel, R. E. Pratley, C. Bogardus and P. A. Tataranni (2002). "Plasma adiponectin concentration is associated with skeletal muscle insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, and low plasma concentration precedes a decrease in whole-body insulin sensitivity in humans." Diabetes 51(6): 1884-1888. 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"Establishing International Blood Pressure References Among Nonoverweight Children and Adolescents Aged 6 to 17 Years." Circulation 133(4): 398-408. What would be considered a normal pulse for an average size 37 year old patient?Your pulse is lower when you are at rest and increases when you exercise (because more oxygen-rich blood is needed by the body when you exercise). A normal pulse rate for a healthy adult at rest ranges from 60 to 80 beats per minute.
What is the ratio of respirations to pulse beats in a healthy adult at rest?This magical number is really close to the information available on the Internet: the average adult's respiration rate to heart rate ratio is approximately 1:4, which means that for each breath, the heart beats 4 times.
When compared to an average patient the expected resting pulse of a marathon runner would be?Resting Heart Rate and Blood Pressure: The athletes had a much lower average resting heart rate of 47 beats per minute (BPM) compared to the average of 70 BPM of the average American.
How long should the pulse be counted for the most accurate results?Counting the pulse for 30 seconds and then multiplying by 2 to get the pulse per minute is most accurate when assessing pulses in sinus rhythm (Hollerbach & Sneed, 1990). As the pulse rate increases, counting for 15 seconds and multiplying by 4 becomes more inaccurate.
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