When a researchers expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained?

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen. Also known as the " i knew it all along" phenomenon

scientific study, aims to solve practical problems

Pure research that aims to confirm an existing theory or to learn more about a concept or phenomenon.

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to the manipulations of the independent variable

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables.  For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to do

consistency in measurement

The process of selecting participants for a study of the population

Selection of cases from a larger population.

all the cases in a group from which samples may be drawn for a study

A small, randomly selected group that accurately reflects the characteristics of a larger population from which it is drawn.

A technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

a type of probability sampling in which the population is divided into groups with a common attribute and a random sample is chosen within each group

What distinguishes a laboratory experiment from a field experiment

• Laboratory: researchers have much control (interaction, degree of causation), disad: not real-life setting, small scale
  
• Field: ad: has real-life setting, generally large, expensive, long-lasting, researchers have less control over study= difficult to establish a clear casual relationship

difference between the experimental and control conditions, might affect the dependent variable

Assigning participants to experimental control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences, between those assigned to the different groups

limits in the case of an experiment

matching samples on one or more relevant characteristics sot hat the means and the standard deviations of the samples are approximately equal, no attempt is made to match individuals in one sample with those in another sample

a phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

is a research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups

An experiment in which subjects do not know whether they are in an experimental or a control group

Bias resulting from individuals in a sample lying or giving incorrect response because they do not have knowledge about the question or can’t recall; response bias could also result from wording of the question or from interviewers influence the responses either intentionally or unintentionally.

a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.

The tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied.

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

Positive vs. Negative Correlations

-Positive - increases in the value of one variable are associated with increases in the value of another -Negative - increases in the value of one variable are associated with the decreases in the value of another

The use of public polling techniques to answer psychological questions

The percentage of people selected for a sample who actually complete the survey

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

an in depth study of one or more individual

Statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data.

graphic representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made. 

the middle score in a distribution; half of the scores are above it and half are below it

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

Abnormal data points, data points that do not fall in the same general pattern as the other data points. 

Positive vs. Negative Skew

Positive- tail extending to the R
Negative- tail extending to the L

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

a measure of the variability of data in a sample about x-bar

a measure of dispersion equal to the sum of squares divided by the sample size (s^2)

A measure of the number of standard deviations of a value or observation from the mean.

The bell curve of normal distribution

The idea of a bell curve is that, for any trait, a graph of a large population will show that most members are very close to the average while only a few will be at the extremes.

is a numerical index of the degree of relationship between 2 variables

A graph that shows the type of correlation between two variables. 

A straight line that describes how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes

are used to interpret data and draw conclusions

An error that occurs when a sample somehow does not represent the target population.

the probability that a statistical finding occurred due to chance

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure that ethical standards have been met.

When we force one to do something that he did not want to do

An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

condition of being nameless or unknown

protection of participants identity 

Explaining to participants, at the end of an experiment, the true purpose of the study and exactly what transpired

What occurs when expectations influence the outcome of an experiment?

What is the effect called when participants of an experiment develop expectations that influence them?

What is the term to describe when the participants expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive an empty or fake treatment?

When a research participants expectations produce the results of an experiment?