Define Actual Self. Show a person's perception of the self as it is, contrasted with the possible self Define the possible self. A person's conception of the self as it potentially may be. May include both the ideal self and a feared self. The person an adolescent would like to be The self a person imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming The self a person may present to others while realizing that it does not represent what he/she is actually thinking or feeling. Define self-esteem. Self esteem is a person's overall sense of worth and well being. Baseline self esteem is a person's STABLE, ENDURING sense of worth and well-being. Define self image. A person's evaluation of his/her qualities and relations with others. Related to self esteem. A person's views of themselves, including concrete characteristics (height, etc.) as well as roles, relationships and personality characteristics. What is self perception? A person's view of his/her characteristics and abilities. Related to self-esteem. What is barometric self esteem? The fluctuating sense of worth and well being people have as they respond to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions in the course of the day. In research, what is response bias? How can it be minimized? from questionnaires, response bias is the tendency to choose the same response for all items. Minimize by NOT using an odd number of response options. In research, what is internal consistency? Internal consistency is a calculation that indicates the extent to which the different items in a scale or even sub scale are answered in a similar way. High I.C. on questionnaire indicates if report high degree on one item, will report high degree on another item. Or, both degrees would be low. Consistency between both items. What is psychohistory? The psychological analysis of important historical figures. Define identity (4 parts) 1. Individuals perceptions of their characteristics and abilities What did Erikson propose (1950) as central crisis for Adolescents? Identity vs identity confusion. - typical adolescent stage in life, in which individuals may follow the healthy path of establishing a clear and definite sense of who they are and how they fit into the world around them, OR follow unhealthy path of failing to form a stable and secure identity. How does adolescent develop a healthy identity? (per Erikson) Part 1 Identifications - relationships formed with others, especially in childhood, in which love for another person leads to want to be like that person. How does adolescent develop a healthy identity? (per Erikson) Part 2 Using psychosocial moratorium (period of postponed adult responsibilities) to explore various possible life options. Trying on various possible selves. "Trying out..." Define negative identity? Erikson's term for an identity based on what a person has seen portrayed as most undesirable or dangerous. Who is James Marcia? Marcia was an influential interpreter of Erikson's work. Constructed a measure called the Identity Status Interview that classified adolescents in to a model of 4 identity statuses: diffusion, moratorium, foreclosure, achievement. Model is an approach to conceptualize and research identity development. How does Erikson define identity crisis? ID crisis, an intense period of struggle that adolescents may experience in the course of forming an identity. What is identity diffusion? From Marcia's Identity status model: An identity status that combines NO exploration with NO commitment. What is identity Foreclosure? Marcia What is identity Moratorium? Marcia What is identity Achievement? Marcia Define postmodern identity. Recently, beyond Marcia: A conception of identity as complex and as highly variable across contexts and across time. Identity is composed of diverse elements that don't always form a unified consistent self. Who theorized about intimacy and isolation? Erikson. Theorized that intimacy is often higher priority for females than identity. Difference between SELF in East and West? East: the self is INTERdependent, defined n relation to others. ID with cultural group: HIGH Define Assimilation. Jean Phinney. define Separation Jean Phinney. Define Marginalization. Jean Phinney. What are the impacts of globalization on identity? 1. More young people develop a bicultural identity. One identity to participate in world, another to participate in home life. Hybrid identity integrating various cultures. What is the difference between social loneliness and emotional loneliness? Social - LACK QUANTITY - occurs when people feel they lack sufficient number of social contacts and relationships. Emotional - LACK QUALITY - occurs when people feel the relationships they have lack sufficient closeness and intimacy (higher in college freshmen) What are the four types of self. Actual Self How is self esteem effected in early adolescence and emerging adulthood? Self esteem tends to DECLINE in early adol., RISE in late Adol. and emerging adulthood. What are two most influential aspects of self esteem in adolescence? Physical appearance What did Carol Gilligan claim? Gilligan argued that gender differences exist in emotional self-development during adol. What are the key issues in Adol. development according to Erik Erikson? 1. identity vs. identity confusion How long does psychosocial moratorium last in East and in West? 1. Extremely limited in East. List the 4 possible alternatives for ethnic identity formation. Who studied American minorities? Jean Phinney Who is Susan Harter? As children age, they describe themselves less in concrete terms and more in terms of traits. Below are 8 domains of self image: What does Harter's research indicate? Harter research indicates that adolescents do not need to have a positive self image in all of the 8 domains to have high global self esteem. Each domaain only carries weight if the adolescent believes it does. However, PHYSICAL APPEARANCE is most strongly related to global self esteem. Define psychosocial moratorium. A period when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try on various possible selves. Examples: falling in love, as get clearer sense of self thru intimate interactions. Try out various college majors or jobs. Also idealogical exploration: religious or political beliefs. ONLY in individualistc cultures. Define identity confusion When young person cannot sort out the possibilities that life presents, and they remain in a state of confusion after their peers have gone on to establish secure identity. Also more likely if any stage in development has been problematic. Extreme end of confusion is negative identity - rejecting acceptable possibilities for love, work and considering unacceptable, strange, contemptible and offensive possibilities. When is identity achievement most likely to be reached? Identity achievement is when young people have explored and made definite personal, occupational, and ideological choices. It is PRECEDED by period of identity moratorium, when the exploration to get to these decisions takes place. Culture and identity - Erikson's argument Erikson believed "anatomy is gender" to some extent, sex differences in psychological development, including identity development based on biological differences. He believed forming an identity meant becoming separate and independent from others. Describes females as relational and males as active and instrumental. Believed means to intimacy was higher priority than identity for females, where males identity comes before intimacy. What is relationship between culturalism and self esteem? Studies indicate that bicultural or assimilated adolescents have higher self esteem. Having strong ethnic identity also related to overall well being, academic achievement, and lower rates of risk behavior. What is barometric selfWhat is barometric self esteem? The fluctuating sense of worth and well being people have as they respond to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions in the course of the day.
Which of the following factors is related to selfThere are multiple factors that can have an effect on your self-esteem. Your childhood, society, the media, and people in your life can all add or take away from how you feel about yourself. Studies have shown that people who have an unhealthy self-esteem are more likely to experience fatigue, anxiety, and depression.
What is the most likely impact of inflated selfWhat is the most likely impact of inflated self-esteem as a result of empty praise during childhood? A: Giving up when faced with a difficult situation.
Which of the following scholars proposed the theory of adolescent identity crisis?According to Erik Erikson, the main task of adolescents is to solve the crisis of identity versus role confusion. Research has shown that a stable and strong sense of identity is associated with better mental health of adolescents.
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