Which approach calls for using management concepts and techniques in a situationally appropriate manner?

The three basic levels of analysis of organizational behavior are:

A) operational, managerial, and financial.
B) social psychology, statistics, and anthropology.
C) individual, group, and organizational.
D) psychology, management, and sociology.
E) team, quality circle, and society.

What is Contingency or Situational Approach to Management Theory?

The contingency approach, often called the Situational Approach is based upon the premise that all management is essentially situational in nature. All decisions by managers will be affected (if not controlled) by the contingencies of a given situation. 

There is no one good way to address any decision. Contingencies arise from various environmental factors. As such, managers must take into account these contingencies when making decisions that affect the organization. 

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Contingency theory builds upon accepted elements of System Theory. It recognized that an organization is an open system made up of interrelated sub-units. It adds, however, that the behavior of individual sub-units is contingent upon internal and external environmental contingencies. 

These might include the relationship between two other sub-units or external systems. This is particularly true when these internal or external units/systems have an effect on the desired outcome of a sub-unit. 

Contingency theory also proposes structural changes or designs, leadership styles, and control systems in an organization that allow it to react to environmental contingencies.

What are the primary characteristics of the Contingency Approach?

The primary characteristics of contingency theory include:

• Non-universality of management theory - There is no one best way of doing things.
• Contingency - Management decision making is contingent upon the situation.
• Environment - Managerial policies and practices to be effective, must adjust to changes in the environment.
• Diagnostics - Managers must possess and continue to improve diagnostic skills so as to anticipate and ready for environmental changes.
• Human Relations - Managers should have sufficient human relations skills to accommodate and stabilize change.
• Information and Communication - Managers must develop a communication system adequate to deal with environmental changes.

How do Contingencies Affecting Organizational Structure?

Theorists Burns and Stalker, in their text "Management of innovation" (1968), identified two types of organizational structure (mechanistic) and (organic) and two categories of the environment (stable and dynamic). 

Mechanistic structures are more common in stable environments. Organic structures are more common and suitable in dynamic environments. 

The commonly-identified contingencies influencing organizational structure include:

• Organization Size
• Nature of Business and Technology (the need for customization)
• Environmental Uncertainty
• Individual Differences or Organizational Preferences

The contingency approach defines not only patterns of internal interaction but also suggests organization designs and management approaches most appropriate for specific situations.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Contingency Theory

The primary advantages of contingency theory include:

• It provides a realistic view of management and organization.
• It discards the universal validity of principles.
• Managers are situation-oriented and not stereotyped.
• Lends itself to an innovative and creative management style.

The negatives of contingency theory include:

• It does not have a theoretical base.
• Executive is expected to know all the alternative courses of action before taking action in a situation that is not always feasible.
• It does not prescribe a course of action.
• A situation can be influenced by many factors. It is difficult to analyze all these factors.

Who are the Primary Contributors to Contingency Theory?

Some of the primary contributors to contingency theory include:

• Burns and Stalker - In their work "Management of innovation" (1968), they identified two types of organizational structures (Mechanistic and Organic) and two categories of the environment (Stable and Dynamic).
• John Woodward - She analyzed the influence of technology on the organization structure and observed that the type of technology used for production, such as unit, small batches, large batches, mass production, and continuous process of production. She also examined how production shifts directly affected the span of control, use of committees, participative decision making, and other structural characteristics.
• J.W. Lorsch and P.R. Lawrence - In studies beginning in 1969, they proposed that organizations functioning in a complex environment adopted a much higher degree of differentiation and integration than those operating in a simple environment. They identified as key issues: environmental uncertainty and information flow. They advocated to Focus on exploring and improving the organization's relationship with the environment, which characterized by along a certainty-uncertainty continuum.

Which approach is also known as situation approach of management?

What is contingency or situational approach to management theory?

Which management approach refers to adapting to the situation and kind of problems in order to select the most effective management theory or idea?

What is contingency approach?