Which are appropriate questions to ask when critically appraising evidence? select all that apply.

• Igniting a Spirit of Inquiry

  Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, E., Stillwell, S. B., & Williamson, K. M. (2009). Evidence-based practice, step by step: Igniting a spirit of inquiry. American Journal of Nursing, 109(11), 49-52. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000363354.53883.58

• The Seven Steps of Evidence-Based Practice

  Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, E., Stillwell, S. B., & Williamson, K. M. (2010). Evidence-based practice, step by step: The seven steps of evidence-based practice. American Journal of Nursing, 110(1), 51-53. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000366056.06605.d2

• Asking the Clinical Question: A Key Step in Evidence-Based Practice

  Stillwell, S. B., Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., & Williamson, K. M. (2010). Evidence-based practice, step by step: Asking the clinical question: A key step in evidence-based practice. American Journal of Nursing, 110(3), 58-61. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000368959.11129.79

• Searching for the Evidence

  Stillwell, S. B., Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., & Williamson, K. M. (2010). Evidence-based practice, step by step: Searching for the evidence. American Journal of Nursing, 110(5), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000372071.24134.7e

• Critical Appraisal of the Evidence, Part I: An Introduction to Gathering, Evaluating, and Recording the Evidence

  Fineout-Overholt, E., Mazurek, B. M., Stillwell, S. B., & Williamson, K. M. (2010). Evidence-based practice, step by step: Critical appraisal of the evidence: Part I. American Journal of Nursing, 110(7), 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000383935.22721.9c

• Critical Appraisal of the Evidence, Part II: Digging Deeper—Examining the "Keeper" Studies

  Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., Stillwell, S. B., & Williamson, K. M. (2010). Evidence-based practice, step by step: Critical appraisal of the evidence: Part II. American Journal of Nursing, 110(9), 41-48. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000388264.49427.f9

• Critical Appraisal of the Evidence, Part III: Seeing Similarities and Differences Across the Body of Evidence

  Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., Stillwell, S. B., & Williamson, K. M. (2010). Evidence-based practice, step by step: Critical appraisal of the evidence: Part III: The process of synthesis: Seeing similarities and differences across the body of evidence. American Journal of Nursing, 110(11), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000390523.99066.b5

• Which statement best describes evidence-based practice (EBP)? o A combination of best research evidence, clinical expertise, and the needs and values of patients
• The nurse is collecting data about the sleep patterns of breastfed babies as part of a larger research study. Which research method will the nurse use when collecting data for this study? o Description
• The nurse is participating in a study and is collecting data identifying the number of obese adults whose parents were also obese or overweight. Which research method is being used in this study? o Prediction
• The nurse reviews a study in which adherence to an asthma action plan is compared among groups of young adults who received different asthma education. Which research method does this represent? o Explanation
• A nurse manager is interested in learning which attitudes among staff nurses may indicate relative risk of needle-stick injuries. To study this, the nurse manager will employ which method of study? o Prediction
• Which is the most important result of Florence Nightingale’s data collection and statistical analysis during the Crimean War? o Using clinical research to evaluate the need for sanitation, clean drinking water, and adequate nutrition
• The nurse participates in data collection in a study in which two different pain management protocols are used with randomly assigned patients to measure differences in postoperative recovery time. Which method of study is this? o Control
• The nurse reviews a study exploring experiences of nurses’ decision-making processes regarding reporting a medical error. Which research method does this represent? o Description
• The development of nursing theories and conceptual models in the late 1960s and 1970s served to o Provide direction for nursing research
• The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) began to change its focus to o Increasing the status and funding for nursing research
• An emphasis of the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Magnet Hospital Designation Program for Excellence in Nursing is o Utilizing evidence-based practice in nursing
• In a position statement in 2006, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) identified a need to o Prepare a workforce of nurse scientists
• The lead agency designated to improve healthcare quality is o Agency for healthcare research and quality (AHRQ)
• To help fulfill the mission of the National Institute for Nursing Research—to promote and improve the health of individuals, families, communities, and populations—a study may be conducted that o assesses the effectiveness of strategies for weight management in patients with type 2 diabetes.
• Which best describes the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) competency for evidence- based practice (EBP)? o Empowering clients to choose among effective disease management strategies
• Through knowledge gained from her phenomenological qualitative study identifying levels of experience of professional nurses, Patricia Benner would identify which nurse as an expert? o A pediatric nurse who notes subtle changes and intervenes to prevent respiratory failure
• Which study exemplifies qualitative research? o A study that observes the interactions of spouses during mealtimes in a long-term care facility
• Which category of the quantitative research methods examines relationships and is conducted to develop and refine explanatory knowledge for nursing practice? o Correlational research
• A common method of measurement used in qualitative research is

o unstructured interviews.

• A nurse researcher wants to know how well adolescent mothers can learn to manage their children’s asthma and develops an initial study to explore and define perceptions of asthma among this population. Which best describes this initial study? o Descriptive research

• Which research technique would be used by a nurse researcher who wishes to compare bonding patterns of neonatal intensive care (NIC) infants to non-NIC infants to test various theories about infant- parent bonding? o Grounded theory

• What type of qualitative research method would be used to describe and interpret a culture and cultural behavior? o Ethnographic research

• What type of study design would be used to evaluate patient satisfaction in an outpatient clinic? o Outcomes research

• The nurse researcher wishes to review a body of qualitative studies about women’s attitudes toward health care to develop an overall interpretation of these findings. Which type of review will the nurse researcher use? o Meta-synthesis

• Which type of evaluation of research yields the most precise estimates of treatment effects when describing results? o Meta-analysis

• The nurse serves on a committee to develop a clinical protocol to guide dressing changes for methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) abscesses. Which is the most important type of evidence to consider when formulating this protocol? o A statistical review of experimental studies comparing various dressing change protocols and patient outcomes

• Knowledge is acquired in nursing in a variety of ways. Which of the following describes when one person credits another as the source of information? o Authority

• What role will a new nurse graduate who has a BSN expect to play in research? o Appraising studies and implementing evidence-based guidelines and protocols

• A job description for a nurse position in a teaching hospital includes “coordinating research teams to facilitate studies to generate knowledge about nursing actions.” Which type of advanced nursing degree would be required for this position? o Doctorate in Nursing (PhD)

• A nurse understands the meaning of entering the world of nursing research to be? Select all that apply. o A way of learning a unique language o A new way of experiencing reality o A way of incorporating new rules

• Which are components of evidence-based practice (EBP)? Select all that apply. o Best research evidence o Patient needs and values o Safe, cost-effective care

• A nurse with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) is prepared to do which of the following? Select all that apply. o Appraise and summarize research findings. o Assist with the implementation of evidence-based guidelines.

• A researcher conducts a study which outlines the daily habits of women who are overweight. This study represents what type of research? o Descriptive

• A study that analyzes the effect of exercise on diabetes control among Native-American children with type II diabetes would most credibly be generalizable to which population? o Native-American children with type I diabetes

• To evaluate data collection methodology prior to conducting a large-scale study, a researcher might carry out a smaller-scale study. This smaller-scale study is known as a/an o pilot study.

• The nurse researcher is developing a study to examine the effects of asthma education on missed school days among grade school children. When defining the research problem in the research proposal, the nurse will discuss o statistics about the number of school days missed by children with asthma.

• Which portion of a research report would the nurse initially read to get an overview of the study? o Abstract

• The section of a research report that describes the purpose of a research study will include o what relationships among key variables will be examined.

• A researcher conducts a review of relevant literature prior to developing a research study to o identify what is known and unknown about a problem.

• In a qualitative study to describe stages of grief, the researcher asks parents who have lost a child to cancer to describe their experiences with grief at specific time intervals after their children’s deaths. Which assumption will the researcher make? o Study subjects understand the concept of grief.

• How is theory tested in quantitative research? o Relationships among concepts are tested

• An operational definition of a variable or concept ensures that the variable or concept will be o measured or manipulated.

• In a research proposal, when describing a research design, the researcher would include o methods for measurement of variables

• Prior to initiating a large-scale research study, the researcher conducts a small-scale study using similar subjects, methods, instruments, measurements, and analysis. This is done to o determine the quality of the study com-ponents.

• The methodology portion of the research report is used to o describe the study design.

• When the researcher describes the population of a study, the research consumer understands that this represents o all people who meet inclusion criteria for the study.

• When a researcher describes an instrument as being valid this indicates that the instrument o accurately measures a variable.

• The level of measurement determines the type of statistical analysis that can be performed on the data. The level of measurement that describes the lowest form of measurement is o nominal.

• When noting the limitations of a research study, the nurse might make which observation? o Findings could not be generalized to a population not included in the study.

• The purpose of a study abstract is to o summarize a study concisely and capture the reader’s attention.

• In a study about concussion recovery in high school football players, which statement would be part of the introduction? o “The purpose of this study was to deter-mine average length of recovery time after a first concussion.”

• If a nurse wishes to critically appraise a study’s sampling criteria and measurement tools, the nurse will read which part of the study report? o Methods

• To understand what is known and not known about a particular problem and provides a rationale for why the study needs to be conducted, the nurse would review which section of the research report?

o Introduction

• To learn whether there is a statistically significant difference between the control group and the experimental group in a study, the nurse would review which section of the research report? o Results
• To help determine the relevance of a study to practice, it is recommended that the reviewer read which two sections of the study initially? o Abstract, discussion
• Conducting a research study in a natural setting means that the researcher o Has not manipulated or changed the environment
• The author of a research report describes the research problem in order to o identify gaps in knowledge.
• Which of the following are true statements about quantitative research? Select all that apply. o Correlational research involves the use of statistics to determine relationships among variables. o Quasi-experimental research is a useful option when controlled conditions are not possible. o Statistical tests are employed with quantitative research studies.
• What study design involves no intervention on the part of the researcher? Select all that apply o Correlational o Descriptive
• Which of the following are true statements about rigor in quantitative research? Select all that apply. o Critically appraising the rigor of a study involves examining the reasoning used in conducting the study. o Logical reasoning is essential to the development of quantitative studies.
• The nurse researcher submits a proposal for an initial study to evaluate the effects of regular moderate exercise on asthma control scores in adolescents with asthma. To achieve increased control in the initial study, the researcher will do which of the following? Select all that apply. o Have subjects exercise on treadmills in the clinic three times weekly. o Choose subjects classified as having moderate intermittent asthma symptoms. o Limit participants to adolescent males who have asthma.
• The nurse understands that reading a research report requires the use of a variety of critical thinking and reading skills. Which of the following are true statements regarding skimming a re-search report? Select all that apply. o Involves scanning the abstract or introduction and discussion sections o Involves reexamining the conclusions and implications for practice from the study o Involves making a preliminary judgment about the value of a source and whether to read the report in depth
• The nurse participates in data collection in a study comparing the effect of two antilipidemia medications on total cholesterol in patients with hyperlipidemia. Which are extraneous variables to consider in such a study? Select all that apply. o Family history of hyperlipidemia o Individual patients’ weights o Other serum lipid values
• What role does qualitative research play in evidence-based practice (EBP)? o It offers a systematic approach for yielding insights into human experience and behavior.
• A researcher identifies a socioeconomic group of people to study. After developing a rapport with key members of the group, getting information about group members from the key members, and spending time working among group members, the researcher prepares a written report about the group based on this experience. Which type of qualitative research does this represent? o Ethnographic
• What is true about phenomena in qualitative research? o Multiple realities are possible based on meanings created by individuals and groups.
• A researcher conducts a qualitative study and learns that individuals have a variety of reactions to an event. What can the researcher conclude from this finding?

o Grounded theory

• How are subjects selected for qualitative research studies? o Based on knowledge or experience
• What is the researcher-participant relationship in qualitative research? o Creating empathetic and honest relationships with study subjects
• What type of data collection method is most common in qualitative research? o Interviews with and observation of subjects
• During a qualitative research study, a researcher asks subjects a fixed set of questions to which the participants respond freely. This is an example of a(n) o semi-structured interview.
• What may characterize questions asked by the researcher during an exploratory-descriptive study? o Using structured individual questions
• A researcher investigates how nurses in a rural hospital regard the importance of asthma education using an ethnographic approach. Why was this approach appropriate? o To improve understanding of how these nurses define asthma education
• When appraising a study in which data was collected by interview, the reviewer will assess for o adequate length of time for each interview.
• A researcher may choose to use a focus group instead of one-to-one interviews to o encourage free expression of views of the participants.
• When gathering data for a study using observational methods, it is important for the data collector to o be observant of all that is done, said, and unsaid.
• To maximize collection of pertinent information when conducting an observational study, the researcher records field notes o during or immediately after the observation.
• Which is true about data analysis in a qualitative study? o It should be consistent with the philosophical method of the study.
• A researcher classifies words and phrases that occur in data collected in a qualitative study. This process is called o coding the data.
• Which type of research uses a less formal method of reporting data? o Historical
• A researcher describes phrases and terms discovered in a qualitative study and describes and links these with various themes. This is an example of o interpreting the data.
• While reviewing transcripts of interviews conducted for a qualitative study, the researcher appraises the data for congruence with the philosophical perspective of the study. This is an example of o rigor.
• Which is true about focus groups? o Researchers may elicit the assistance of moderators who share common characteristics with the participants.
• What is the purpose of qualitative research? o To describe experiences and insight from the subject’s perspective
• How are findings from qualitative studies used to add to the body of nursing knowledge? o Findings reveal meanings that can be used to develop theory.
• A researcher uses film footage to collect data in which type of research? o Historical
• A researcher uses at least two different perspectives to converge into a unique perspective on the topic. This is an example of o triangulation.
• Which is true about rigor in qualitative research? o Studies are evaluated based on design detail and thoroughness of evaluation.
• Which is true about phenomenological research?

o It is a method that views the person and the environment as integrated.

• Which statement is true regarding researchers who conduct studies using the exploratory-descriptive qualitative research approach? o Researchers develop studies to provide information and insight into clinical or practice problems.
• Which of the following are true statements about qualitative research? Select all that apply. o Qualitative research is a systematic approach used to describe experiences and situations from the perspective of persons in the situation. o Qualitative research can generate rich descriptions of the experiences of the participants.
• Which of the following are true statements about the characteristics of a quality sample in a qualitative research study? Select all that apply. o Researchers recruit purposive, network, and theoretical sampling methods. o Researchers deliberately recruit fewer participants because they want to understand the identified research problem from the participant’s perspective. o The size of the sample will depend on when saturation of the data occurs. o Typically, sampling occurs until saturation is reached.
• The purpose of an institutional review board (IRB) in a university or clinical agency is to o protect the human rights of subjects in proposed studies.
• An important initial focus of the Declaration of Helsinki, developed in 1964, was to o differentiate therapeutic from nontherapeutic research.
• The Tuskegee Syphilis Study violated several ethical principles in which way? o Failing to inform subjects about the purpose and procedures in the study
• After the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW) regulations were published in 1973, all research using human subjects was required to o undergo full institutional review to examine risks and benefits to subjects.
• A clinical research nurse identifies which of the following as a vulnerable population? o Pediatric clients hospitalized for cancer
• The ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are considered essential elements in research involving human subjects. In which document are these principles identified? o National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects in the Belmont Report
• Which ethical principle protects human subjects from harm? o Beneficence
• Which ethical principle includes the right to self-determination and the right to full disclosure? o Respect for persons
• When conducting research to study medical devices for human use, the nurse researcher must comply with the Department of Health and Human Services human subjects’ regulations as well as regulations put forth by the o Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
• To safeguard the right to self-determination among research subjects, the researcher will ensure that subjects o may choose whether or not to participate in a study.
• The greatest risk to a person confined to an institution who is a research subject is o diminished autonomy.
• A researcher will have greater success gaining approval for a research study involving pregnant women if which provision is put into place? o Subjects may experience therapeutic effects from the intervention.
• When a researcher indicates that assent for participation was gained in a study involving 10-year-old children, this indicates which has occurred? o The children have agreed to be subjects in the study.
• A researcher wishes to study the effects of anti-seizure medications on adult subjects who have severe cognitive impairments. Which statement is true about using these subjects in research? o A legally authorized guardian must give informed consent.

o Full-face photographs o Medical record numbers

• According to the HIPAA privacy rules, which are covered entities that may use and disclose a limited data set to researchers for study? Select all that apply. o Health plans o Healthcare providers
• Which of the following are true statements about genomic research? Select all that apply. o Genomic research is a promising area of science related to human disease and healing. o The Human Genome Project funded by NIH recognized from the onset the ethical and legal dilemmas of genomic research. o Broad consent in the revised Common Rule was developed to address some of the unresolved issues in genomics research. o De-identification of data and ownership of specimens are two of the unresolved issues in genomics research.
• Which of the following represent some degree of risk of causing discomfort or harm to subjects in a study? Select all that apply. o Asking parents of children in a clinic waiting room to complete a patient satisfaction questionnaire o Interviewing nursing home residents about their memories of the Great Depression o Using pathology reports from a hospital lab to gain data about the percentage of new patients who have anemia
• A researcher wants to study whether showing a video about car safety increases the likelihood of car seat use among a group of first-time parents. When obtaining informed consent, the researcher must include: Select all that apply. o an assurance of anonymity. o consent to incomplete disclosure. o voluntary participation.
• A researcher has submitted a proposal to an Institutional Review Board (IRB) to evaluate the effects of a new drug on newborn infants. In this case, members of the IRB should include: Select all that apply. o an ethicist. o a hospital pharmacist. o a neonatologist.
• Which of the following are true statements about informed consent? Select all that apply. o Informed consent is the process of providing information to a potential subject and the opportunity to participate in the study. o The documentation of informed consent depends on the study’s level of risk and the requirement of the IRB who approves the study.
• A nurse researcher who wishes to use animals in a research study must include which elements in an animal use protocol? Select all that apply. o Animal living conditions and veterinary care o Justification for the use of animals over humans o Procedures to minimize pain and distress
• Which type of research design focuses on implementation of a treatment by the researcher? o Experimental
• A researcher administers a written test to evaluate knowledge of insulin administration and glucose monitoring to a group of subjects at annual intervals over the next decade. This is an example of which type of study design? o Longitudinal
• A nurse researcher wishes to identify rates of pertussis infection in children less than 1 year of age and then again at 6 years of age to examine the relationship of immunization status on infection rates in this population. This is an example of which type of study design? o Correlational, longitudinal
• Which statement is true about a descriptive study design?

o This type of design is used to identify problems occurring in practice.

• A nurse conducts a study to see whether there are differences in the number of books Latino parents and the number of books African-American parents read to their toddlers each week. Which type of study will this researcher utilize? o Comparative descriptive

• A nurse researcher monitors women with breast cancer for depression before and throughout their chemotherapy treatment. This is an example of which type of study design? o Longitudinal

• A researcher wishes to conduct a correlational study to determine whether there is a relationship between stress levels and relapse rates among patients who have chronic conditions. To determine the existence of a relationship between these two variables, the researcher will attempt to o obtain a large range of possible scores.

• If a researcher wishes to describe variables and to examine many relationships in a study, which type of study design will the researcher employ? o Descriptive correlational

• A nurse researcher conducts a study to determine whether women who breastfeed their infants experience better sleep in the first two postpartum months. This study will employ which type of research design? o Predictive correlational

• A researcher theorizes a set of relationships among concepts used to describe why patients with chronic illness are often depressed. To test the accuracy of these hypothesized relationships, which type of study will be used? o Model testing

• A researcher conducts a study to examine possible contributors to glycemic control in a group of subjects who have type 2 diabetes mellitus in a local community. A convenience sample of patients includes patients from 28 to 65 years old who range in weight from normal to obese, with time since diagnosis ranging from several months to several years. To determine causality in this study, the researcher will o identify multicausal variables that may influence the outcome of glycemic control measures.

• Which statement is true about a cross-sectional design? o This design includes a time element that involves data collection on variables at one point in time.

• A study in which subjects are assigned by the researcher into experimental and control groups increases o bias.

• In a quasi-experimental study examining the effects of nonpharmacologic treatments on postoperative pain management, the researcher trains nursing staff so that all experimental group subjects receive the same types of treatments. This is an example of o manipulation.

• A nurse researcher understands there are numerous concepts relevant to quantitative research designs. What concept best describes the following example, “Patient diagnosis, age, pre-surgical condition, and complications after surgery are interrelated causes of the length of patients’ hospital stays”? o Multicausality

• A researcher conducts a quasi-experimental study to determine whether there is appropriate weight gain among premature infants who are fed according to cue-based protocols. The researcher trained neonatal intensive care nurses to apply cue-based feeding to orally fed infants and notes a statistical difference in weight gain between infants fed according to cue-based protocols and those fed according to standard protocols. The reviewer critiquing the study notes that not all nurses completed the cue-based feeding module. This would affect which type of validity? o Statistical conclusion validity

• A researcher conducts a quasi-experimental study to determine whether there is improved weight gain among premature infants who are fed according to cue-based protocols. The researcher trained neonatal intensive care nurses to apply cue-based feeding to orally fed infants and notes a statistical difference in weight gain between infants fed according to cue-based protocols and those fed according to standard protocols. The reviewer notes that components of cue-based feedings are not clearly identified. This is a threat to

• Which type of study is considered strongest for testing the effectiveness of an intervention? o Randomized controlled trial

• Which statement is true about a quantitative research design? o A research design is a blueprint for conducting a quantitative study that maximizes control over factors that could interfere with the validity of the findings

• When using Consolidated Standards for Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines to critically appraise a randomized controlled trial (RCT), the nurse will make sure that the study o is designed to definitively test a hypothesis.

• Which of the following are true statements about randomized controlled trials (RCTs)? Select all that apply. o In a RCT design, participants are randomized to the intervention and control groups to reduce selection bias. o RCTs, when appropriately conducted, are considered the gold standard for determining the effectiveness of healthcare interventions.

• A nurse researcher understands that to critically appraise the RCTs reported in nursing journals, specific guidelines are followed. To assess the quality of RCTs reports, which of the following are accurate statements? Select all that apply. o Outcomes are measured consistently with quality measurement methods. o Study participants are drawn from a reference population through clearly defined criteria o The intervention is clearly described and consistently implemented.

• Which of the following are true statements about external validity? Select all that apply. o External validity is concerned with the extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the sample used in the study. o Threats to external validity include interaction of selection and intervention, setting and intervention, and/or history and intervention.

• The goal of appropriate sampling in research is to o accurately reflect the characteristics of the target population.

• A researcher wishes to evaluate the management of chemotherapy side effects in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Children with ALL in this study are an example of which of the following? o Target population

• A researcher wishes to conduct a survey of attitudes about illness among young adults with cystic fibrosis. The researcher contacts a nearby regional medical cystic fibrosis clinic, where 250 young adults who have cystic fibrosis are seen. A group of 50 young adults are selected to complete the survey. These 50 people are the o sample population.

• A researcher wishes to conduct a study to determine the effects of an intervention on high school students. In this study, high school students represent the o target population.

• A researcher wishes to study the effects of a nursing intervention on children with cancer and obtains a sample of school-age children hospitalized for cancer treatment in a local hospital. This sample represents the o accessible population

• In a study of patients who have dementia, a researcher wishes to examine the effects of moderate exercise on patients’ abilities to perform self-care. The researcher decides to use subjects between 70 and 80 years of age who have been diagnosed with dementia for less than 1 year. A patient who is 65 years old meets o exclusion criteria.

• The benefit to using a sample that utilizes narrow sampling criteria is that there is increased o control of extraneous variables

• A researcher uses a sample whose members have characteristics like those of the population from which it is drawn. This is an example of a o representative sample

• A researcher begins a study with 250 subjects, and 50 subjects drop out before the study is concluded. The researcher will declare 20% as the sample

o attrition rate

• A pilot study reveals a wide variation in measurement values among subjects with an overall mean value that is higher than among the general population. By increasing the sample size in a subsequent study, the researcher expects to o decrease the variation of scores among subjects.
• To decrease the probability of systematic variation in a study to evaluate the effects of a teaching program on disease management, the researcher will use which sampling process? o Random sampling
• A researcher wishes to identify all school-age children who have type 2 diabetes mellitus in a local community to develop a sampling methodology for a study of this population. Which might serve as a barrier to obtaining this information? o Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
• A researcher enters a list of subjects from a sampling frame into a computer and the computer randomly assigns subjects to control or treatment groups. This is an example of o simple random sampling.
• A researcher who wishes to study the effects of a prenatal breastfeeding education program on the length of time African-American inner-city women breastfeed infants learns that 70% of women in the target population are unmarried. To achieve stratified random sampling in a sample of 50 subjects, the researcher will o select a random sample of 35 unmarried and 15 married subjects.
• When using stratified random sampling, the researcher can o use a smaller sample size.
• When conducting a study in which it is not possible to determine the true number of subjects who meet eligibility criteria and obtaining a random sample would be time consuming and expensive, the researcher will use which sampling method? o Cluster sampling
• A researcher plans to utilize a systematic random sampling method from a population of 5000 eligible subjects, using a sample of 200 subjects. Beginning at a randomly selected point on the list of subjects, what is the gap between elements? o 25
• A researcher conducts a pilot study using a convenience sample of children with seizure disorders. A reviewer of this study’s manuscript may conclude that the findings of this study o should be replicated using a wider population.
• Which statement is true about systematic sampling? o It provides a random chance for inclusion as a subject.
• Which of these sampling techniques is least likely to produce findings that are generalizable to a larger population? o Convenience
• A nurse conducts a study to examine the effects of a new intervention on FEV1 levels in patients with COPD and uses all patients admitted to a hospital during a 2-month period. This is an example of which type of sampling method? o Convenience
• A researcher wishes to examine whether a teaching program for parents increases adherence to a drug regimen among children with seizure disorders. A convenience sample of children in a large teaching hospital is proposed. To prevent confounding of the results by socioeconomic status and type of health insurance, the researcher will utilize which additional sampling technique? o Quota
• Prior to initiating a research study, a researcher conducts a power analysis to determine the sample size necessary for a power level of 0 and an alpha of 0. The researcher will o increase the sample size to avoid a type II error
• A researcher tests a measurement tool in a pilot study and notes a wide variance in scores. To improve the significance of the study’s findings in subsequent studies, the researcher will

o Cluster

• Which is a type of nonprobability sampling? o Purposeful b. Simple rand

• Which of the following is true about convenience sampling? o It tends to be less expensive and easier to conduct.

• Which of the following is true about sample size in a qualitative study? o It is considered adequate when the researcher detects no new knowledge.

• Which of the following are true statements about representativeness of a sample in quantitative research? Select all that apply. o In quantitative research, you need to evaluate representativeness in terms of the setting, characteristics of the subjects, and distribution of values on variables measured. o Researchers who gather data from subjects across a variety of settings have a more representative sample of the target population than those limiting the study to a single setting. o A sample must be representative in terms of characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, income, and education, which often influence study variables.

• Which of the following are accurate statements about the research setting when conducting research? Select all that apply. o Three common settings for conducting nursing studies are natural, partially controlled, and highly controlled. o The selection of a setting in quantitative and qualitative research is based on the purpose of the study, accessibility of the setting or sites, and number and types of participants available in the setting. o Laboratories are considered a highly controlled setting in which experimental studies often are conducted.

• If 100 potential participants meeting sampling criteria are approached to participate in a research study, and 5 patients refuse, then the refusal rate as a numeral would be _________________ percent. o 5

• A nurse researcher used a systematic sampling design. The known population size is 2800 and the desired sample size is 140. The sampling size (k) of the gap between elements selected from the list, as a numeral, is ______________. o 20

• The individual units of the population and sample are called _________________. o Elements

• A researcher conducts a study to examine the effects of breastfeeding on infant weight at age 6 months. Which type of measurement is used to measure the infants’ weight? o Direct

• Which can be measured using direct measurement? o Blood pressure

• Which is a true statement about measurement theory? o The purpose of measurement is to obtain trustworthy data that can be used to address the study purpose and objectives, questions, or hypotheses.

• A researcher conducts a study to identify the relationship of lifestyle choices to the development of chronic diseases. The researcher surveys subjects and identifies diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and renal disease in study subjects. These measures represent which level of measurement? o Nominal

• Among subjects with coronary artery disease, a researcher identifies three levels of symptoms which can be categorized by severity. This represents which level of measurement? o Ordinal

• A researcher studying the effects of an intervention on symptoms measures the time from intervention to absence of symptoms and reports this in the number of days. This measure represents which level of measurement? o Interval

• A study measuring the effects of a new diuretic medication records hourly urine output of subjects. This measure represents which level of measurement? o Ratio

• The nurse researcher understands that the levels of measurement, from low to high, are o nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio

• Which is an accurate statement about measurement error? o Some error is always present in any measurement strategy.

• A researcher may use which strategy to reduce the potential for measurement error when evaluating obesity in study subjects? o Measure weight, abdominal girth, and BMI on all subjects.

• A researcher reviews study data about head circumference in newborns and notes that study personnel are measuring from the end of the measuring tape and not from the zero point, which is 1 cm from the end. This is an example of which type of measurement error? o Systematic

• A researcher wishes to study the effects of preoperative teaching on anxiety levels among toddlers and preschoolers undergoing surgery. To reduce the potential for measurement error, the researcher will o use a standardized checklist of anxiety behaviors.

• A researcher performs a series of pilot studies to evaluate whether a measurement tool produces consistent results. This is an evaluation of o Reliability

• A researcher studying children identifies the following age groups: Birth to age 12 months, 12 months to 3 years, 3 years to 5 years, 5 years to 12 years, 12 years to 18 years. These categories are not

• Exclusive

• A researcher evaluates a measurement tool by administering the tool to a group of subjects every 2 weeks for 8 weeks. This is a measure of the tool’s o test-retest reliability.

• A nursing professor administers three versions of a final examination to a class of students and compares the examinations for reliability. This is a measure of o Equivalence

• In a pilot study to help train a group of data collectors who will evaluate children’s pain using a FACES rating scale, the researcher examines the reliability of the scores of each data collector. This is an example of which type of reliability measure? o Interrater reliability

• A researcher notes a reliability score of 0 between two observers in a clinical drug trial evaluating whether the drug decreases anxiety. This score means that o there is 75% random error.

• A researcher evaluates scores of a paper and pencil instrument with dichotomous variables using the Kuder- Richardson formula. This is a test of o internal consistency reliability.

• Which statement is true about validity? o Validity evaluates an instrument for a specific group or purpose.

• A researcher evaluates whether a tool addresses the major elements of the construct being studied. This helps to ensure o content validity.

• The type of validity that focuses on the extent to which an individual’s score on an instrument or scale can be used to estimate his or her present or concurrent performance on another variable or criterion is known as o concurrent validity.

• A researcher tests a measurement tool’s validity by administering it to a group of subjects who don’t have health insurance and a group who have health insurance to examine attitudes about access to health care. The researcher is looking for evidence of validity from o contrasting groups.

o Demographic information about a population

• Which data represent the lowest form of measurement? o Race and ethnicity classification
• Which is true about using data from an existing database? o It allows larger sampling and complex analyses.
• In a study involving multiple data collectors, the researcher helps to ensure consistency in data collection by o detailing the training process of the data collectors in the research report.
• Which of the following are true statements about a Likert scale? Select all that apply. o It is designed to determine the opinions or attitudes of study subjects
• Sometimes seven options are given on a response scale, sometimes only four o It usually consists of 10 to 20 items, each addressing an element of the concept being measures.
• Which of the following are accurate statements about the data collection process when conducting research? Select all that apply. o The actual steps of collecting data are specific to each study and depend on the research design, sample, and measurement techniques o The key to accurate data collection in any study is consistency.
• Which situation will involve the use of inferential statistics? o An examination of the differences between control and experimental group scores
• A reviewer reads a research report and notes that the number of subjects in the original sample is larger than the number in the final analysis. Besides attrition of subjects, this discrepancy is likely because o essential data is missing from subjects no longer included.
• A parameter is a characteristic of o a population.
• A researcher identifies that 2 subjects in an experimental group had scores like those in the control group, while the other 20 experimental group subjects had scores far different from those in the control group. The researcher would consider the scores for the two subjects as o outlier scores.
• It is important to know the demographic variables among study subjects to o understand how well the sample represents the target population.
• What statement is accurate about decision theory in understanding the statistical analysis process? o It requires that the cutoff point selected for a study be absolute.
• A researcher evaluates the internal consistency (reliability) a newly developed scale used in a pilot study and notes a Cronbach alpha coefficient of space 0. The researcher will o use the scale in the larger study and continue to monitor coefficient results.
• An appropriate level of significance for nursing research is either o 0 or 0.
• To measure test-retest reliability of an instrument, a researcher may use the o Pearson’s correlation statistic.
• Which describes an outlier? o A data point with a value outside what is predicted by other data points
• What is the purpose of using exploratory analysis in a research report? o To examine and describe data
• The analysis of a nondirectional hypothesis is called a
• T wo-tailed test of significance.
• An important goal of inferential statistical analysis is to o generalize results from the study to the target population.
• The nurse researcher understands that nonparametric analyses are conducted if the variables are measured at what two levels? o Nominal and ordinal
• After a clinical drug trial to measure the effects of atorvastatin administration on low-density lipoprotein levels, which of the following conclusion statements is acceptable in the research report?

o Findings of clinical drug tests suggest that atorvastatin works to reduce low-density lipoprotein levels in study subjects.

• In a discussion that includes the analysis of data collected during a pilot study, the researcher discusses the relationships and differences in data sets and makes predictions based on this analysis. The researcher will use which process? o Inferential analysis
• A nurse conducts a study to evaluate the likelihood that single adolescent mothers will breastfeed their newborn infants if they are given materials about the benefits of breastfeeding. The results show a P value of .18. The nurse may conclude that o there is an 18% probability that this population will breastfeed their infants.
• When critically appraising a study, the researcher understands that the data analysis process involves the management of numerical data and the statistical analysis of these data to produce study results. Which statement is true regarding the steps of the data analysis process? o Researchers present as complete a picture of the sample as possible in their report.
• Which of the following is not one of the components of power analysis? o Error type
• In statistical analysis of data, the alpha value is used to o reveal whether the P value meets criteria for statistical significance.
• A researcher studies the effects of a nursing intervention on a desired patient outcome and discovers a statistically significant difference between groups receiving the intervention and those not receiving the intervention. The researcher concludes that the intervention is effective. This researcher has made o statistical inference.
• When comparing a study with a level of significance of 0 with a study having a level of significance of 0, the researcher knows that the study with the level of significance of 0 is more likely to have a o type I error.
• When a researcher concludes that study findings are applicable to the total population, this is an example of o generalization.
• In research, the probability that any data score will be within a certain range of a mean value is calculated based on the theory of o the normal curve
• A researcher plans to apply a one-tailed test of significance when analyzing data from a study. Which is true about using this test? o This will decrease the possibility of a type II error when drawing conclusions about the data.
• In a study to examine motivational techniques to help adolescent smokers to quit smoking, the null hypothesis states that the intervention will have no effect on this population. The researcher establishes a level of significance of 0. When analyzing the data, the researcher concludes that there is a significant difference between subjects receiving the intervention and those who do not. In this study, a type I error means there is a o 1% chance that the conclusion is wrong.
• A researcher develops a study to examine the effects of Keep Yourself Safe Screening (KYSS) on the incidence of intimate partner violence (IPV). The study level of significance is 0. The null hypothesis, that KYSS will have no effect on IPV, is found to be true. When reviewing the study for type II errors, the reviewer understands that o there is a 5% chance that the null hypothesis is false.
• In a data set that has a normal distribution what percent of scores will be within two standard deviations above or below the mean? o 95
• A researcher conducts a power analysis for a study in which there was no difference between control and experimental group scores and identifies a power level of 0 and a level of significance of 0. What will this researcher do? o Consider repeating the study using a larger sample

When critically appraising a quantitative study there are three key considerations What are they select all that apply?

What are the three steps of critical appraisal of qualitative research?

What are the key principles for critically appraising research?

What is included in the critical appraisal guidelines of a research study quizlet?