Original Author(s): Oliver Jones Show
Original Author(s): Oliver Jones Imagine a line in the sagittal plane, splitting the right and left halves evenly. This is the midline. Medial means towards the midline, lateral means away from the midline. Examples: Fig 1.0 – Anatomical terms of location labelled on the anatomical position. Anterior and PosteriorAnterior refers to the ‘front’, and posterior refers to the ‘back’. Putting this in context, the heart is posterior to the sternum because it lies behind it. Equally, the sternum is anterior to the heart because it lies in front of it. Examples
Superior and InferiorThese terms refer to the vertical axis. Superior means ‘higher’, inferior means ‘lower’. The head is superior to the neck; the umbilicus is inferior to the sternum. Here we run into a small complication, and limbs are very mobile, and what is superior in one position is inferior in another. Therefore, in addition to the superior and inferior, we need another descriptive pair of terms: Examples
Proximal and DistalThe terms proximal and distal are used in structures that are considered to have a beginning and an end (such as the upper limb, lower limb and blood vessels). They describe the position of a structure with reference to its origin – proximal means closer to its origin, distal means further away. Examples:
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This website uses cookies. We use cookies to improve your experience on our site and to show you relevant advertising. To find out more, read our privacy policy. Anatomical directional terms are like the directions on a compass rose of a map. Like the directions, North, South, East and West, they can be used to describe the locations of structures in relation to other structures or locations in the body. This is particularly useful when studying anatomy as it provides a common method of communication that helps to avoid confusion when identifying structures. Also as with a compass rose, each directional term often has a counterpart with converse or opposite meaning. These terms are very useful when describing the locations of structures to be studied in dissections. Anatomical directional terms can also be applied to the planes of the body. Body planes are used to describe specific sections or regions of the body. Below are examples of some commonly used anatomical directional terms and planes of the body. Anatomical Directional Terms Anterior: In front of, front Anatomical Body PlanesImagine a person standing in an upright position. Now imagine dissecting this person with imaginary vertical and horizontal planes. This is the best way to describe anatomical planes. Anatomical planes can be used to describe any body part or an entire body. (View a detailed body plane image.) Lateral Plane or Sagittal Plane: Imagine a vertical plane that runs through your body from front to back or back to front. This plane divides the body into right and left regions.
Frontal Plane or Coronal Plane: Imagine a vertical plane that runs through the center of your body from side to side. This plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) regions. Transverse Plane: Imagine a horizontal plane that runs through the midsection of your body. This plane divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) regions. Anatomical Terms: ExamplesSome anatomical structures contain anatomical terms in their names that help identify their position in relation to other body structures or divisions within the same structure. Some examples include the anterior and posterior pituitary, superior and inferior venae cavae, the median cerebral artery, and the axial skeleton. Affixes (word parts that are attached to base words) are also useful in describing the position of anatomical structures. These prefixes and suffixes give us hints about the locations of body structures. For example, the prefix (para-) means near or within. The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior side of the thyroid. The prefix epi- means upper or outermost. The epidermis is the outermost skin layer. The prefix (ad-) means near, next to, or toward. The adrenal glands are located atop the kidneys. Anatomical Terms: ResourcesUnderstanding anatomical directional terms and body planes will make it easier to study anatomy. It will help you to be able to visualize positional and spatial locations of structures and navigate directionally from one area to another. Another strategy that can be employed to help you visualize anatomical structures and their positions is to use study aids such as anatomy coloring books and flashcards. It may seem a bit juvenile, but coloring books and review cards actually help you to visually comprehend the information. Which directional term is used to describe the relationship of the skin to the skeletal?The two terms we need in the context of muscles, skin and bones are 'superficial' and 'deep'. 'Superficial to' means that the part is closer to the surface, while 'deep' means that it is farther inside. The muscles lie between the skin, which envelops the whole body, and the bones are farther inside.
What is the relationship of the skin to the muscles?The bottom layer of skin, or hypodermis, is the fatty layer. The hypodermis: Cushions muscles and bones: Fat in the hypodermis protects muscles and bones from injuries when you fall or are in an accident. Has connective tissue: This tissue connects layers of skin to muscles and bones.
Is skin distal to muscle?The skin is superficial to the muscles.
Is skeletal muscle inferior to the skin?Skeletal muscles, also called striated muscles, are voluntary muscles that move the bones and support the skeleton. Superficial muscles are close to the skin and deep muscles are deeper inside the body.
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Which directional term is used to describe the relationship of the skin relative to the skeletal?
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