Anterior Pituitary glad secretes what? Show
Growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic: production of cortisol Luteinizing hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Prolactin: Milk in woman, testes in men Posterior Pituitary glad secretes what? Oxytocin: Milk/contractions Antidiuretic hormone: (vasopressin): reabsorb water Thyroid gland secretes what? T4: to make T3 T3: metabolic rate of cells, cell growth, tissue perfusion Calcitonin: Regulates calcium and phosphorus Parathyroid gland secretes what? Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Regulates calcium and phosphorus Adrenal Medulla gland secretes what? Epinephrine Adrenal Cortex gland secretes what? Mineralcorticoid (aldosterone): Regulates sodium and Potassium thus water Adrogens: Growth and sex organs Corticosteroids: Metabolism/stress/anti-inflammatory Pancreas gland secretes what? Insulin: transport and metabolize Glucagon: increase blood sugar Amylin: Slows glucagon Somatostatin: Stops insulin and glucagon Ovaries gland secretes what? Estrogen: Sex characteristics/uterus preparation/ bone growth progesterone: Uterus lining Testes gland secretes what? Testosterone: sperm/sex characteristics Oral glucose tolerance test: Test for diabetes: Pt drinks 75 grams of glucose. Draw blood at baseline, 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min. 2 hours to complete. Preparation: Diet for 3 days prior. 150-300g carbs and 1500+ calories/day Cerebrum: Language Comprehension: Wernicke's area temporal lobe Expression: Broca's area Frontal Lobe Basal Ganglia: Refined movement and learned automatic movement Thalamus: Sensory and motor input to and from cerebrum Hypothalamus: Regulates endocrine and autonomic functions Limbic System: Emotions/Basic drives ie sex and hunger Pre-central Gyrus: Anterior to pre-central gyrus: Motor controls to opposite sides of body Movement/gait/balance Occipital: Visual images Frontal: High processing/Speech expression Temporal: Auditory/langue comprehension/integrates past experiences The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones. What is the target tissue of these releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones? Anterior pituitary The nurse suspects that a patient has hyperthyroidism. Which finding supports the nurse's suspicion? Exophthalmos Exophthalmos is a condition in which the eyeballs protrude from the orbits. Exophthalmos occurs in hyperthyroidism due to accumulation of fluid in the eye and the retroorbital tissue. The nurse is performing an assessment for a patient with hypoparathyroidism. Which assessment finding does the nurse document that correlates with this condition? Decreased skin pigmentation A patient has hemianopsia from a brain lesion. Which cranial nerve does the nurse determine is affected in this patient? Optic nerve A change in one-half of the visual field resulting from brain lesions is referred to as hemianopsia. Visual fields and acuity assessment will determine the function of the optic nerve. A patient is admitted to the hospital with suspected lesions in Broca's area. What manifestation is the nurse likely to find during assessment? Irregular speech patterns Broca's area, located at the frontal lobe of the cerebrum, regulates verbal expression. When providing care to a patient with a tumor located on the anterior pituitary gland, which of the patient's hormones will the nurse expect will be affected? Prolactin How should the nurse most accurately assess the position sense of a patient with a recent traumatic brain injury? Ask the patient to stand with the feet together and eyes closed and observe for balance maintenance. A patient's recent medical history is indicative of diabetes insipidus. The nurse would perform patient teaching related to which diagnostic test? Water deprivation test In an inpatient setting, the nurse instructs a patient to maintain a supine position for two hours before a prescribed blood sample is collected. This patient positioning is needed when testing for which hormone? Aldosterone This ensures the assessment of accurate levels of aldosterone. The nurse reviews a patient's medical record and identifies that the patient is at risk for hypertension and cardiac dysrhythmias. This determination is made based on the patient's history of what? Pheochromocytoma Pheochromocytoma affects cardiac muscle activity and results in hypertension and cardiac dysrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation and tachycardia. Which organ in a patient secretes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) hormone? Heart The nurse is preparing a patient to undergo a computed tomography (CT) scan using an intravenous (IV) contrast medium for evaluating the size of a tumor in the pituitary gland. What information does the nurse provide the patient? "You may develop renal failure.'' The CT scan uses an IV contrast medium, which makes it a painful and invasive procedure. During a neurologic assessment, the nurse tests the functionality of the facial nerve. What instructions should the nurse give to the patient? Frown cranial nerve VII What portion of the ascending spinal cord tract carries information regarding pain and temperature sensation? Spinothalamic tracts What portion of the ascending spinal cord tract carries information regarding information about muscle tension and body position to the cerebellum? spinocerebellar tracts What portion of the ascending spinal cord tract carries information regarding information about touch, deep pressure, vibration, position sense, and kinesthesia? dorsal columns What portion of the descending spinal cord tract carries information regarding voluntary impulses from the extrapyramidal system? pyramidal tracts The nurse is caring for a patient who is undergoing treatment for acromegaly. The patient's plan of care will include treatments that promote the release of which hormone? Somatotropin When performing a cranial nerve assessment on a patient, the nurse tickles the back of the pharynx and notes the contraction of the surrounding muscles (gag reflex). This procedure helps in testing the function of which nerves? Vagus nerve A patient's x-ray reveals hypercalcification of bones. The nurse notes that the patient's serum calcium level is normal. Which endocrine dysfunctions does the nurse expect to find in the patient? Thyroid dysfunction The C cells of the thyroid gland produce calcitonin, which inhibits the release of calcium from the bone into the blood if the serum calcium levels are high. The parathyroid gland secretes parathormone, which stimulates the release of calcium from the bone into the blood and inhibits bone formation in the body. The nurse is assessing a patient who is experiencing altered taste. Which cranial nerve does the nurse assess during the patient's physical examination? Glossopharyngeal The glossopharyngeal nerve is connected to the medulla and has both sensory and motor functions. The nurse is caring for a patient who is experiencing increased intracranial pressure after a head injury. Which glial cell could be the reason for this condition? Ependymal cells Ependymal cells aid in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF). Increased secretion of CSF increases CSF pressure and intracranial pressure, resulting in herniation syndrome. A patient's laboratory reports indicate an abnormal decrease in blood Ca + levels. Which hormone is likely to be released? Parathormone (PTH) Parathormone (PTH) is the principle hormone produced by the parathyroid glands. PTH regulates calcium by enhancing the release of calcium from bone stores, stimulating reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys and enhancing absorption of calcium in the intestine by increasing the production of activated vitamin D. Which function of prolactin should the nurse include in a teaching session for a patient who is newly pregnant? Stimulation of milk production A patient has a visible mass in the anterior neck. What intervention is performed when assessing the patient? Auscultate the lateral lobes with a stethoscope. Auscultate the lateral lobes of an enlarged thyroid gland with the stethoscope bell to identify a bruit, a soft swishing sound that may indicate a goiter or hyperthyroidism. Which feature of a hormone influences its interaction with target cells? Solubility differences The nurse knows that the hormone produced by the parathyroid glands targets which organ? Kidneys The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which targets the bone, intestinal, and kidney tissues. Which neurotransmitters inhibit the transmission of impulses across the synaptic cleft? GABA The nurse asks the patient to close their eyes and then places the two points of a measuring caliper 1 inch apart on the patient's lower forearm. The nurse asks the patient to identify the sensation. What is the nurse assessing? Discrimination The nurse is assessing gross two-point discrimination, or the ability of the patient to sense two distinct pressure points. To be most diagnostic, the nurse will move the two points closer together until the patient can no longer distinguish two separate pressure points and the distance is measured Which hormone decreases glucagon secretion in a patient? Amylin When reviewing a patient's laboratory reports, the nurse notes increased aldosterone levels. Which conditions may be the cause of this finding? Hyponatremia Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that maintains extracellular fluid volume. Hyperkalemia and hyponatremia result in the synthesis and secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Hypokalemia inhibits synthesis and release of aldosterone Which cranial nerve is responsible for pupillary constriction? Cranial nerve III (oculomotor) Cortisol: Cortisol level increases when a person experiences hypoglycemia and stimulates gluconeogenesis process. Cortisol maintains fluid volume by acting on mineralocorticoid receptors. This chemical decreases the inflammatory response by reducing the effects of proteolytic enzymes on surrounding tissue. Cortisol works via negative feedback mechanism. The nurse is caring for a patient with a neurologic disease that affects the pyramidal tract. What assessment finding is the nurse likely to observe? Impaired muscle movement A teenaged female patient reports disturbances in her menstrual cycle. Which gland does the nurse suspect to cause the disturbances caused by improper functioning? Pineal gland The pineal gland is located in the brain and is composed of photoreceptive cells. The pineal gland helps regulate circadian rhythms and the reproductive system at the onset of puberty. Abnormalities in the pineal gland functioning may lead to disturbances in the menstrual cycle. A patient with a seizure disorder will undergo electroencephalography. Which nursing intervention should the nurse perform to prepare the patient for the procedure? Inform the patient that there is no danger of electric shock. In electroencephalography, the electrical activity of the brain is recorded by scalp electrodes to evaluate seizure disorders. It is a noninvasive procedure and without any danger of electric shock. The nurse is performing a neurologic assessment. Which test would the nurse use to assess cortical sensory function? Stereognosis A patient experiences a phenylalanine deficiency. The nurse identifies that what other hormones will also be deficient in the patient? Dopamine
Catecholamines such as dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline are synthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine. Therefore in the absence of phenylalanine, the body will not produce dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline, causing their deficiency. A patient has an alteration in sleep-wake transitions causing extreme fatigue. Which part of the central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for this? Brain stem The brain stem includes the reticular activating system (RAS), which is responsible for regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions. What does the cerebrum do? the integration of complex sensory and neural functions, initiation, and coordination of voluntary activity. What does the cerebellum do? coordinates voluntary movement and maintains trunk stability and equilibrium. What does the spinal cord do? aids in transmission of neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Which gland has both endocrine and exocrine functions? Pancreas
A patient presents at the outpatient unit for a cortisol (total) blood test. Which intervention should the nurse perform? Mark the time of blood draw on the slip. Cortisol has diurnal variation; levels are higher in the morning than in evening. The nurse should mark the time of the blood draw on the slip. The nurse is assessing a patient with Cushing syndrome. What might the nurse observe in the patient? Facial fullness Cushing syndrome is caused by increased cortisol secretion. The nurse is caring for a patient with hypercortisolism. Which assessment findings does the nurse anticipate documenting? Truncal obesity The nurse is performing a neurologic assessment for a patient. When assessing proprioception, what will the nurse have the patient do? Ask the patient to stand with feet together and then close his or her eyes. Ask the patient the position of the big toe after moving it up and down with the patient's eyes closed. After reviewing the laboratory reports of a patient, the nurse finds that the patient has a major injury at the sella turcica under the hypothalamus. Which gland is most likely to be involved? Pituitary The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica under the hypothalamus. Which hormone stimulates the process of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis? Glucagon stimulates the process of gluconeogenesis (hepatic glucose formation) and glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen), and increases blood glucose. The assessment of temperature sensation occurs in which situation? When the pain reflex is absent If the pain sensation is intact, the assessment of temperature sensation may be omitted, because the same ascending pathways carry both sensations. The nurse is preparing a patient for a thyroid scan and radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU). Which interventions should the nurse perform? Instruct the patient to drink plenty of fluids for 24 to 48 hours. Inform the patient that radionuclide will be eliminated in 6 to 24 hours. Inform the patient that this test evaluates for the presence of thyroid nodules. Which hormone is associated with fostering growth of the adrenal cortex? Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) A patient states that he or she is having involuntary blinking. Which nerves should the nurse should evaluate? Cranial nerve V CN VII and CN V should be tested for blepharospasm. The nurse is assessing a patient diagnosed with Addison's disease. What would the nurse expect to find in this patient? Darkened skin on the knuckles, elbows, and palmar creases Hyperpigmentation, or "bronzing" of the skin, particularly on the knuckles, elbows, knees, genitalia, and palmar creases, is found in Addison's disease. Which chemical acts as the precursor for steroid hormone synthesis? Cholesterol Steroid hormones are generally synthesized from cholesterol in the gonads and adrenal glands. The nurse observes that a patient's eye jerks while looking to the left. What could be the reason for this symptom? Lesions in the brainstem Nystagmus is a jerking or bobbing of the eyes as they track a moving object. Nystagmus can be caused because of lesions in the cerebellum, brainstem, or vestibular system. A patient demonstrates a lack of coordination in articulating speech. What could be the cause of this symptom? Cranial nerve lesion Lack of coordination in articulating speech is called dysarthria. Cranial nerve lesions may be responsible for this because of their association with the regulation of speech. Slurred speech can also be a side effect of the long-term use of antiseizure medications. Which are components of the central nervous system (CNS)? Cerebrum A patient with a suspected spinal cord infection is admitted to the hospital. What diagnostic tests should the nurse anticipate for the patient? Cranial myelogram A myelogram is an x-ray of the spinal cord and vertebral column. The analysis of cerebrospinal fluid provides useful diagnostic information related to nervous system diseases. Which hormones are released by the adrenal medulla? Dopamine The adrenal medulla secretes the catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and dopamine. Which hormone increases bone mineralization? Parathyroid hormone The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone, which regulates the blood level of calcium. Parathyroid hormone stimulates the renal conversion of vitamin D to its most active form, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3. This active form of vitamin D promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorous by the gastrointestinal tract, which ultimately increases bone mineralization. When performing a physical examination on a patient with a suspected motor system disorder, what manifestations is the nurse likely to find? Unsteady gait The nurse is performing a physical assessment on a patient. Which tests are used to assess the sensory system? Position sense Which hormone is secreted by vagal stimulation? Insulin Insulin is the principle regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The nurse is assessing the patient's accessory nerve. Which instructions should the nurse give to the patient? "Shrug
your shoulders." The health care provider was unable to save a patient's parathyroid gland during a radical thyroidectomy. The nurse should consequently pay particular attention to which laboratory value? Calcium levels The parathyroid gland plays a key role in maintaining calcium levels. The nurse is caring for a patient with constipation. When reviewing the patient's medical record, the nurse notes that the patient has an increased heart rate, decreased phosphate levels, and increased calcium levels. The nurse suspects that the patient has which condition? Hyperparathyroidism The nurse suspects that the patient has hyperparathyroidism. Signs and symptoms of this condition include tachycardia, hypercalcemia, constipation, and decreased phosphorous levels. The nurse is providing care to a patient who is experiencing alterations in mood, sleep, and emotions. Which neurotransmitter may be responsible for the patient's clinical manifestations? Serotonin A patient is diagnosed with an upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion. What assessment finding does the nurse anticipate observing? Hyperreflexia Which hormone acts on all of the body tissues? Thyroid hormone A patient is referred for an insulin tolerance test. What care must the nurse take when preparing the patient for the test? Establish IV access for frequent sampling. Ensure the patient is fasting after midnight. Keep ready 50% dextrose and 5% dextrose IV solution. Which neurotransmitter is released by the preganglionic and postganglionic fibers during the parasympathetic response? Acetylcholine Which cranial nerves that innervate the pharynx are tested together? Cranial nerves IX and X (glossopharyngeal and the vagus nerve) are tested together because both innervate the pharynx. Which change in the endocrine system places the elderly population at an increased risk of hypertension? Decreased β-adrenergic response to norepinephrine A nurse tests the bicep reflex in a patient. What reaction does the nurse document as a normal response? Contraction of biceps muscle Flexion of the arm at the elbow A patient's serum potassium level is 3 mEq/L and serum sodium level is 145 mEq/L. Which hormone synthesis does the nurse understand is inhibited by these conditions? Aldosterone Which is the function of the hormone calcitonin? To regulate calcium balance Graphesthesia is a test for which integrative sensory function? Cortical sensory Which hormone stimulates milk secretion in a postpartum patient? Oxytocin The nurse is caring for an elderly woman who has a decline in estrogen concentration. Which complications should the nurse monitor in the patient? Osteoporosis
The laboratory findings of a patient indicate decreased urine output. What condition does the nurse suspect? Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone is associated with a decrease in antidiuretic hormone, resulting in reduced reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules and low urine output. The nurse is caring for a patient with altered function of the lungs and digestive system. Which cranial nerve should the nurse assess? Cranial nerve X, the vagal nerve, transfers information from the heart, lungs, and the digestive system. The nurse calls out the patient's name in an attempt to arouse them from sleep. What is the nurse assessing the integrity of? Reticular activating system (RAS) The RAS requires communication among the brainstem, reticular formation, and cerebral cortex. The RAS is responsible for regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions. Which is the primary functional unit of the nervous system? Neuron What cells constitute almost half the brain and spinal cord mass? Glial cells provide support, protection, and nourishment to neurons and constitute almost half the brain and spinal cord mass. A nurse reviews a medical record of a patient who has had a stroke and notes that the medication route has been changed from parenteral to oral. Before administering the oral medications, which cranial nerves should the nurse assess? Glossopharyngeal and vagus
The nurse is caring for a patient with a head injury. Results of the CT brain scan indicate pineal gland damage. The nurse anticipates that the patient will experience a decrease in the secretion of which hormone? Melatonin The nurse is performing an assessment for a patient who has been admitted to the acute care facility. A "bronze" skin tone is observed during the assessment. What condition does the nurse recognize that this patient may have? Addison's disease is characterized by hyperpigmentation or ''bronzing'' of the skin in parts of the body such as the knuckles, elbows, and knees. Which cells of the islets of Langerhans produce and secrete insulin and amylin? β cells α cells produce what? produce and secrete glucagon F cells produce what? responsible for producing and secreting pancreatic polypeptides Delta cells produce what? responsible for producing and secreting somatostatin. The nurse working in an endocrine clinic knows that Chvostek's sign is a diagnostic tool that is used to assess for which electrolyte disturbance? Hypocalcemia The nurse is caring for a patient with low levels of aldosterone in the blood serum. The nurse should instruct the patient to avoid which types of food? Sodium-rich foods Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone help regulate sodium and potassium ions in the body. A patient with low levels of aldosterone in the blood serum will not be able to regulate potassium and sodium levels in the body; therefore the nurse should instruct the patient to avoid consuming foods rich in sodium and potassium. The nurse assesses a patient with periorbital edema; purplish red marks on the abdomen, chest, and buttocks, and rounded moon face with a blood pressure of 180/110. The nurse suspects that the patient has which condition? Cushing syndrome The nurse assesses the laboratory results for a female patient and finds there are increased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). What condition does the nurse suspect this patient is experiencing? Pregnancy Which hormone is essential for the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance? Aldosterone A patient's blood test reveals elevated levels of growth hormone (GH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). In discussing these results with the patient, the nurse explains that both of these hormones have which feature? Are secreted by the anterior pituitary A nurse is caring for a patient for whom the health care team suspects cerebral death. Which diagnostic procedure will the nurse prepare the patient for that will confirm this suspicion? Cerebral angiography The nurse educator is teaching a group of nursing students about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. The educator asks which glial cells are most abundant, primarily found in the gray matter, and provide structural support to neurons. Which response is correct? "Astrocytes" A patient is suspected of having a lesion involving the subarachnoid space. What problems associated with this lesion does the nurse suspect the patient will have? Movement of cerebral spinal fluid Which component of the central nervous system is responsible for blood pressure changes in the gerontologic patient? Autonomic nervous system (ANS) The nurse is assessing the innervation of the lateral rectus of the eye. Which cranial nerve will the nurse assess? CN VI Which neurotransmitter is released by both preganglionic and postganglionic nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)? Acetylcholine Which part of the spinal cord carries impulses for muscle movement? Descending tract What is the result of lesions involving motor pathways of cranial nerves IX and X? Dysphagia When the nurse assesses the patient who has pancreatitis, what function may be altered related to the endocrine function of the pancreas? Blood glucose regulation While performing an assessment of extraocular movements, the nurse notes the eyes do not move together. How will the nurse document this movement? Disconjugate Which test would the nurse prepare a patient who has been prescribed to undergo a diagnostic procedure to determine the severity of thyroid dysfunction?A thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH, test is a blood test that measures the amount of T4 (thyroxine) that the thyroid is being signaled to make. If you have an abnormally high level of TSH, it could mean you have hypothyroidism.
Which hormone level would the nurse expect to be elevated in the laboratory report of a patient with severe burns?The Hormonal Response in Severe Burns
Elevated levels of catecholamines, cortisol, and glucagon perpetuate the profound changes in metabolic rates, growth, and physiology observed in the burn patient population.
Which hormone is likely to be released when there is a decrease in serum Na+ levels quizlet?Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood calcium concentration?ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. |
Which interventions would the nurse perform when preparing a patient for a radioactive iodine uptake?
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