Which of the following best describes an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking?

Presentation on theme: "Personality An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting."— Presentation transcript:

1 Personality An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

2 12/3 Social Learning experiments on the modeling of aggressive behavior have demonstrated that: Children are not affected by watching violence on television Abusive parenting accounts for most children’s aggressive act Children can develop aggressive behavior simply by watching others perform aggressive acts Children’s aggressive behavior must be reinforced for it to be repeated Children imitate aggressive behavior seen on television only if the media violence is performed by children

3 12/4 A person with agoraphobia is best described as an individual who:
Displays suicidal behavior in stressful situations Shows little regard for social norms Suffers from an irrational fear and avoidance of public places Suffers from chronic fatigue and paranoia in social situations Shows excessive mood swings without warning`

4 12/6 According to psychoanalytic theory, one of the important functions of the ego is to: A)Facilitate gratification of desires at an appropriate time B) Govern behavior prior to the development of the superego and the id C) Achieve immediate gratification of desires D) Satisfy the demands of the superego E) Act as the conscience of the individual

5 Story You are going for a walk. After you've walked a little way, you come to a forest. Describe the forest ... You walk into the forest, and find a path. Describe the path ... As you walk along the path, you find a key. Describe the key ... What do you do with the key...? You continue walking along the path. You find a cup. Describe the cup... What do you do with the cup...? You continue your journey, and you come to some water. Describe the water... How do you get to the other side of the water...? You've been walking for a while. As you continue, the path divides: One branch goes uphill, and is twisted, narrow, and rocky; the other branch slopes downhill, and is wide and smooth. Which way do you go...? Why...? Next, you come to a field. Describe the field... How do you get to the other side of the field...? On the other side of the field is a wall. Describe the wall... How do you get to the other side of the wall...? What is beyond the wall...?

6 Interpretation Interpretation
You may want to try having students hand in their stories -- anonymously -- and you read one or two aloud as you provide these interpretive guidelines. The forest represents your view of life. How did you describe it? Large or small? Dense or sparse? Woods, pine forest, tropical rain forest? Dormant, barren, dead, or alive, lush, fertile? The path is how you view your path or journey through life. Is it wide or narrow, straight or twisted, long or short, smooth or rough, heavily-travelled, littered, etc., or unspoiled, pristine, relatively untravelled? The key represents knowledge. What is your view of knowledge? What do you do with knowledge when you have it in your grasp? The cup represents religion. What is your view of religion? Is the religious aspect of your life full or empty? Is it potable? What do you do with it? The water represents sex. Is it a huge ocean? A beautiful, tranquil lake? A rushing river? A babbling brook? A small, muddy puddle? A dried up stream? How you get to the other side of the water represents your approach to sex. Did you jump in and swim? Did you play in it? Did you build a bridge over it, or walk through it? Did you simply ignore it? Did you follow it to see where it goes? When the path divides, which branch you choose represents how you want to live life from now on. Do you take the easy way or the hard way? Why? The field represents your view of middle- and old-age. Is yours a small "field," or a large one? How long, how wide? What kind of field is it? A verdant meadow? Or full of stickers, thorns, and brambles? Has it been plowed? Are there crops growing? (Is there any water in it?) The wall represents DEATH. Is it high or low? How long or wide is it? Is it firm and solid, or shaky or crumbly? What is it made of? Stones? Bricks? Concrete? Trees or bushes? Getting to the other side represents dying. How do you view death? Easy or difficult? Something you look forward to or dread? Something you can choose not to do, or at least how and when you do it? What's beyond the wall represents your view of life after death. Another path? Another forest? Another meadow? (More water?)

7 Sigmund Freud What drug did Freud experiment with to help with psychological disorders? The unconscious had roots in what disorder? Sigmund Freud theorized that all hysteria was caused by what? According to Freud, when did sexual urges begin? Overall, how was Freud and Psychoanalysis received?

8

9 How do you eat your Oreo? Can the way you eat an Oreo cookie tell you something about your personality?

10 Write what you see in this image

11 Four Main Personality Approaches
Psychoanalytic Trait Social-Cognitive Humanistic

12 Psychoanalytic Theory
Our personality is developed through the unconscious region of the mind Fathered by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytic Theory: includes ideas about an unconscious region of the mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms for holding anxiety at bay. “Discovery” of unconscious How to unlock the door of unconscious? Free Association-while relaxed saying whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrasing.

13 Freud’s Approach Personality is like an iceberg.
A small part is conscious, but the bulk of what drives us is “underwater” or beneath consciousness.

14 Our Personality Conscious- things we are aware of.
Nonconscious-biological functions Preconscious- things we can be aware of if we think of them. Unconscious- deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us”. All of our desires and fears.

15

16 Freud’s Personality Structure

17 Id Exists entirely in the unconscious (so we are never aware of it).
Our hidden true animalistic wants and desires. Works on the Pleasure Principle Avoid Pain and receive Instant Gratification. Click Veruca to see the Id in action

18 Ego If you see someone you like, your Id says just take them.
But your ego does not want to end up in jail. So you ask her out or try to get to her Works on the Reality Principle Seeks to gratify the id’s impulses in realistic ways that will bring longterm pleasure rather than pain and destruction

19 Superego Begins around 5 Forces the ego to consider the ideal
Our conscience- moral guide Strives for perfection Strong superego= virtuous, but guild ridden Weak superego=self indulgent and remorseless

20

21 Defense Mechanisms Used by the ego to protect us from threatening thoughts in our unconscious. Used to avoid conflict or difficult situations Unconsciously distort REALITY

22 The Scenario Quarterback of the high school football team, Brandon, is dating Jasmine. Jasmine dumps Brandon and starts dating Drew, president of the chess club. Jasmine Brandon Drew

23 Repression Pushing thoughts into our unconscious.
When asked about Jasmine, Brandon may say “Who?, I have not thought about her for awhile.” Why don’t we remember our Oedipus and Electra complexes?

24 Denial Not accepting the ego-threatening truth.
Brandon may act like he is still together with Jasmine. He may hang out by her locker and plan dates with her.

25 Displacement Redirecting one’s feelings toward another person or object. Often displaced on less threatening things. Brandon may take his anger on another kid by bullying.

26 Projection Believing that your feelings toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself. Brandon insists that Jasmine still cares for him.

27 Reaction Formation Expressing the opposite of how one truly feels.
Cootie stage in Freud’s Latent Development. Brandon claims he hates Jasmine.

28 Regression Returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior.
Brandon begins to sleep with his favorite childhood stuffed animal

29 Rationalization Coming up with false but reasonable excuses
Brandon thinks he will find a better girlfriend. “Jasmine wasn't all that anyway!” “I really didn’t want to go to Princeton anyway…”

30 Compensation Trying to make up for perceived deficits
Brandon buys a motorcycle to show how macho he is

31 Sublimation Channeling your frustration toward a different goal.
Sometimes a healthy defense mechanism. Brandon starts to learn how to play the guitar and writing songs (or maybe starts to body build).

32 Name that defense mechanism
A physically abusive parent claiming that a beating is good for the child. An 8-year-old child whose parents are getting divorced starts wetting the bed. A young woman forcing the memories of sexual abuse into her unconscious mind. After suffering major losses in the stock market, Jim trades in his luxury car for a small, cheaper car claiming that he is doing his part in the battle against air pollution.

33 Name that defense mechanism.
5. After getting fired, Mr. James has been grumpy and short with his wife. 6. An aggressive young man takes up rugby to re-channel his aggressive impulses. 7. A student forgot that his dreaded final exam in geometry was Friday, despite having it marked on his calendar for weeks. 8. A young woman from a strict moral background becoming actively involved in an anti-pornography campaign.

34 Name that defense mechanism.
9. A student who wishes to cheat on an upcoming exam interpreting the anxiety of other students as a desire to cheat on the exam. 10. The person who is most difficult to convince in an argument says that everyone else is stubborn. 11.Tory was convicted for being a Peeping Tom. Now, he has left behind his sordid past and is a busy photographer for Playboy magazine. 12. After being criticized at work, Thomas argued with his wife and kicked the dog.

35 Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Children pass through a series of psychosexual stages during which the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure sensitive areas of the body called erogenous zones.

36 Oral Stage (0-18 months) Pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, biting, chewing If not satisfied may seek oral gratification through smoking or eating excessively

37 Anal Stage (18-36 months) Pleasure is focused on the bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control Anal retentive

38 Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
Pleasure zone is in the genitals ; coping with incestuous sexual feelings Freud believed phallic stage boys develop both unconscious sexual desires for their mother and jealousy and hatred for their father whom they consider a rival (Oedipus Complex) Girls experienced a parallel Electra Complex. Children eventually REPRESS these feelings and try to become like the rival parent (“if you can’t beat them, join them”) Through this identification process, children’s superegos develop Gender identity is related to how the child identifies with same sex parent

39 Latency Stage (6-Puberty)
Dormant sexual feelings Child continues development, but sexual urges are relatively quiet

40 Genital Stage (Puberty On)
Maturation of sexual interests Maturely deals with the opposite sex

41 Criticisms of Freud He really only studied wealthy woman in Austria.
His results are not empirically verifiable (really hard to test).

42 Modern Psychoanalysis
Maintain: Role of the unconscious Inner conflicts and Defense mechanisms Reject: Psychosexual stages Id, ego, superego

43 Neo-Freudian Theories
Accepted Freud’s basic ideas Focused more on conscious and less on sex & aggression Alfred Adler and Karen Horney Agree with childhood being important, but place more emphasis on social tension; not sexual. Inferiority Complex-behavior is driven to overcome feelings of childhood inferiority Karl Jung Less emphasis on social factors and more on unconscious Collective conscious-shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

44 Getting into the Unconscious
Hypnosis Dream Interpretation Free Association Projective Tests Provide an ambiguous stimuli that the test taker must interpret Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)-People view ambiguous pictures and then make up stories about them Rorschach Inkblot Tests (1921 Henry Rorschach). What we see in the ink blot reflects our inner feelings and conflicts. Ex. If you see a predatory animal, you may have aggressive tendencies

45 Thematic Apperception Test
Giving the subject a picture that is ambiguous (can have several meanings) and ask them what is occurring. Their answers reveal the manifest content. They can then discover the Latent Content.

46

47

48

49 Rorschach Inkblot Test
The most widely used projective test A set of ten inkblots designed to identify people’s feelings when they are asked to interpret what they see

50

51

52

53

54

55 Trait Theories Personality traits such as honestly, laziness, ambition, outgoing are thought to be stable over time People differ with regard to how much of a trait they have

56 Traits Versus Types Traits: Quantitative differences among people.- How much of each trait does the person have… that unique combination makes up personality. Types: Qualitative differences between people. – More like putting people into categories.

57 Trait Approaches Allport’s Trait Theory
Central traits – About 7 adjectives could describe a person’s overall personality Secondary traits – More situation specific Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factors Costa & McCrae’s Big-Five Model of Personality

58 Gordon Allport Founder of the trait perspective Interview with Freud
What about the conscious mind? Described personality in terms of fundamental traits Describe people by using broad personality types Apple example

59 Other Trait Theorists Ancient Greeks-4 types: Melancholic (depressed), sanguine (cheerful), phlegmatic (unemotional), or choleric (irritable) Carl Jung – introversion (psychic energy flows inward) vs. extraversion (psychic energy flows outward) Hans Eysenck  2 axes; researched biological causes of differences Raymond Cattell (16 personality factors) – warmth, reasoning, emotional stability, etc.

60 Factor Analysis A statistical procedure used to identify different components of your intelligence or personality (depending on the test). FA takes the answers you give on tests and compiles them into general traits or basic factor. Ex. People that describe themselves as outgoing, liking excitement, practical jokes, but dislike reading would correlate to a basic factor, exterversion.

61 Eysenck’s Main Personality Dimensions -Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck reduce individual variations in personality to two dimensions. -Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

62

63

64 Correlations with the Big Five: stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness
Protested injustice - Emotionally stable, open Fell in love at first sight - Extraverted Have not been in therapy - Emotionally stable Been in therapy - Open Not likely to have a lover whose name they forgot - Agreeable Thrown a large party Kept a diary Listen to music by self in dark

65 Correlations with the Big Five: stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness
Read fewer than 12 books per year - Extraverted Never cheated on a test - Conscientious Never pulled all-nighter to finish assignment Not likely to become addicted to Internet -Extraverted Dated a person of a different race - Open Written a poem spontaneously Smoke marijuana

66 Big 5 Explores Various Questions
How stable are these traits? Quite stable in adulthood Heritability? Generally 50% Apply across cultures? Yes, common to all cultures Predict other personal attributes? Yes. Ex. Evening types or “night owls” tend to be extraverted.

67 Evaluating Trait Perspective
Are traits consistent across time and places (J.R.R. Tolkien) or ever changing, tailored to the particular role or situation ? Person-Situation Controversy- which is more important? Inner disposition or environment? -Personality stabilizes as we grow OLDER. -Specific behaviors do CHANGE with environment. Examples? Just because you are punctual to class, does not mean you are punctual in turning in assignments. Our traits are socially significant: Music preference, personal space, and websites. Consistency of Expressive Style -Expressive style: animation, manner of speaking, and gestures is CONSISTENT. Example: Teacher clips high correlation in first impression with lasting impression

68 Assessing Personality Traits
Most common way is with personality inventories: A longer questionnaire covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors to assess several traits at once. MMPI- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: most widely researched and clinically used out of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders. Briggs Meyer Type Indicator: A test that offers choices, counts the test takers preferences, and labels them as “feeling” or “thinking” type. Reliability and Validity

69 Be careful of the Barnum Effect!!!
People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality. Horoscopes, astrologers and psychics all use this concept. Aries (March 21-April 19): Do some detective work so that you can better understand those you love. Figure out what the other person is going through. Only then will you find out how you can help. Taurus (April 20-May 20): In your midst, there's a person intent on the worst-case scenario. He or she is a valuable ally today. You'll find humor in the exaggeration, and your laughter is healing. Gemini (May 21-June 21): Go out of your way to add elements of absurdity to your day. Your quality of life will be increased immeasurably. Cancer (June 22-July 22): A strength exaggerated becomes a weakness. But does a weakness exaggerated become a strength? Highlight a limitation and you'll find you're better off for having this flaw. Leo (July 23-Aug. 22): People pay attention when you walk into the room today. Make your exit with equal grace. Leave before they want you to and they'll want more. Virgo (Aug. 23-Sept. 22): Show up in person. You have more than your fair share of charisma today. Noting your winning presence, others will want to help you succeed. Libra (Sept. 23-Oct. 23): You have a talent for making relationships work. You're full of solutions, but it's important to know which problem is the most pressing. Pump the other person for information. Scorpio (Oct. 24-Nov. 21): There is a fine line between sharing and over-sharing. Give others the sense of who you are. But do it briefly. Sagittarius (Nov. 22-Dec. 21): Relating to others has very little to do with what or who you know. Most people are thinking about themselves and what you can do for them. If you make them feel good about themselves, they'll like you. Capricorn (Dec. 22-Jan. 19): You're in danger of being too thrifty. Show some disregard for the rules of frugal finance. As you spend, you'll widen the channel for greater earning. Aquarius (Jan. 20-Feb. 18): It would benefit you to get involved in a group effort. There is much you could contribute, and you have much to gain. You'll ask excellent questions and learn all you need to know to fit in nicely. Pisces (Feb. 19-March 20): You will be certain of your course. But that alone will not be enough to make it go the way you want. Whatever happens, don't complain or explain.

70 Stress & Personality Type A Feel time pressure. Easily angered.
Type B Feel time pressure. Easily angered. Competitive and ambitious. Work hard and play hard. More prone to heart disease than rest of population. Relaxed and easygoing.

71

72 Trait Theory Criticism
Does NOT take into account the importance of the situation.

73 Social-Cognitive Theories
Focus on how we interact with our culture and environment Reciprocal Determinism traits, environment and behavior all interact and influence each other Albert Bandura

74 Social-Cognitive Theories on Personality
Internal Locus of Control External Locus of Control Learned helplessness

75 Humanistic Theory They believe that humans have free will to strive for self determination We are innately good and as long as our self-esteem and self-concept are positive we will be happy. A rejection of Freud and Behaviorism

76 Maslow’s Growth Theory
Abraham Maslow Self-Actualization isn’t just a tendency, it is a NEED

77 Self Actualized people are:
Self aware Self accepting Open and spontaneous Loving and caring Problem centered rather than self centered Have a few deep relationships as opposed to many superficial ones

78 Carl Rogers The object of humans is to become self-actualized.
We are like and acorn To grow into healthy humans we need: Genuineness Acceptance (Unconditional Positive Regard) Empathy

79 Biological Theories Heritability
What % of personality is inherited We are not sure BUT temperaments do seem to be stable from infants to old age.

80 Behaviorist Theory The way most people think of personality is meaningless. Personality changes according to the environment (reinforcers and punishments). If you change environment then you change the personality.

Which of the following best describes an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking?

Which of the following best describes an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting?

What is an individual's consistent patterns of thoughts and behaviors are known as?

Which of the following describes Freud's view of the components of an individuals personality?