What is trustworthiness and what does it mean? For quantitative studies, it is referred to as validity and reliability. However, in qualitative studies, this concept is more obscure because it is put in different terms. Since qualitative researchers do not use instruments with established metrics about validity and reliability, it is pertinent to address how qualitative researchers establish that the research study’s findings are credible, transferable, confirmable, and dependable. Trustworthiness is all about establishing these four things, which are described in more detail below. Show
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Credibility is the how confident the qualitative researcher is in the truth of the research study’s findings. This boils down to the question of “How do you know that your findings are true and accurate?” Qualitative researchers can use triangulation to show the research study’s findings are credible. Transferability is how the qualitative researcher demonstrates that the research study’s findings are applicable to other contexts. In this case, “other contexts” can mean similar situations, similar populations, and similar phenomena. Qualitative researchers can use thick description to show that the research study’s findings can be applicable to other contexts, circumstances, and situations. Confirmability is the degree of neutrality in the research study’s findings. In other words, this means that the findings are based on participants’ responses and not any potential bias or personal motivations of the researcher. This involves making sure that researcher bias does not skew the interpretation of what the research participants said to fit a certain narrative. To establish confirmability, qualitative researchers can provide an audit trail, which highlights every step of data analysis that was made in order to provide a rationale for the decisions made. This helps establish that the research study’s findings accurately portray participants’ responses. Finally, dependability is the extent that the study could be repeated by other researchers and that the findings would be consistent. In other words, if a person wanted to replicate your study, they should have enough information from your research report to do so and obtain similar findings as your study did. A qualitative researcher can use inquiry audit in order to establish dependability, which requires an outside person to review and examine the research process and the data analysis in order to ensure that the findings are consistent and could be repeated. We hope that this clears up any confusion about trustworthiness and helps shed light on the different components involved in establishing a trustworthy research study! Observational Field ResearchThis web page is designed as an introduction to the basic issues and design options in observational research within natural settings. Observational research techniques solely involve the researcher or researchers making observations. There are many positive aspects of the
observational research approach. Namely, observations are usually flexible and do not necessarily need to be structured around a hypothesis (remember a hypothesis is a statement about what you expect to observe). For instance, before undertaking more structured research a researcher may conduct observations in order to form a research question. This is called descriptive research. In terms of validity, observational research findings are considered to be strong. Trochim states that validity is
the best available approximation to the truth of a given proposition, inference, or conclusion. Observational research findings are considered strong in validity because the researcher is able to collect a depth of information about a particular behavior. However, there are negative aspects. There are problems with reliability and generalizability. Reliability refers the extent that observations can be replicated. Seeing behaviors occur over and over again may be a time consuming task.
Generalizability, or external validity, is described by Trochim as the extent that the study's findings would also be true for other people, in other places, and at other times. In observational research, findings may only reflect a unique population and therefore cannot be generalized to others. There are also problems with researcher bias. Often it is assumed that the researcher may "see what they want to see." Bias, however, can often be overcome with training or electronically recording
observations. Hence, overall, observations are a valuable tool for researchers. First this Web Page will discuss the appropriate situations to use observational field research. Second, the various types of observations research methods are explained. Finally, observational variables are discussed. This page's emphasis is on the collection rather the analysis of data. After reading this web page, you should be able to
Should you or shouldn't you collect your data through observation?Questions to consider:Is the topic sensitive?Are people uncomfortable or unwilling to answer questions about a particular subject? For instance, many people are uncomfortable when asked about prejudice. Self-reports of prejudice often bring biased answers. Instead, a researcher may choose to observe black and white students interactions. In this case, observations are more likely to bring about more accurate data. Thus, sensitive social issues are better suited for observational research. Can you observe the Phenomena?You must be able to observe what is relevant to your study. Let's face it, you could observe and observe but if you never see what your studying your wasting your time. You can't see attitudes. Although you can observe behaviors and make inferences about attitudes. Also, you can't be everywhere. There are certain things you can't observe. For example, questions regarding sexual behavior are better left to a survey. Do you have a lot of time?Many people don't realize that observational research may be time consuming. In order to obtain reliability, behaviors must be observed several times. In addition, there is also a concern that the observer's presence may change the behaviors being observed. As time goes on, however, the subjects are more likely to grow accustomed to your presence and act normally. It is in the researchers best interest to observe for a long period of time. Are you not sure what your looking for?That's okay! Known as descriptive research, observations are a great way to start a research project. Let's say you are interested in male and female behavior in bars. You have no idea what theory to use or what behavior you are interested in looking for. So, you watch, and, wow, you see something. Like the amount of touching is related to alcohol consumption. So you run to the library, gather your research, and maybe decide to do more observations or supplement your study with surveys. Then, these observations turn into a theory once they are replicated (well, it's not quite that simple). So you see, observations are a good place to start. Types of ObservationsOkay, so you've decided that you think observational research is for you. Now you only have to pick which kind of observation to do.
An Interesting Side
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Federal Register (1991). Federal policy for the protection of human subjects; notices and rules, part II. Federal register, 56, 28001-28032. Observational VariablesBefore you start on a research project make sure you how you are going to interpret your observations.
Okay, so this is a lot to remember. Go back up to the check-list of "things you should be able to..." and ask yourself some questions. Remember, observations are a great way to start and add to a research project.Good luck observing!References and Suggested Reading Babbie, E. (1992). The practice of social research. (6th ed.). Chapter 11. California: Wadsworth. Bernard, R. (1994). Research methods in anthropology. (2nd ed.) Chapters 14-15. California: AltaMira. Gall, M., Borg., & Gall, J. (1996). Educational research. (6th ed.). Chapter 9. New York: Longman. Montgomery, B. & Duck, S. (1991). Studying interpersonal interaction. Chapter 11. New York: Guilford. And HIGHLY RECOMMENDED is Trochim's Knowledge Base which is packed with information about validity and research design. Laura Brown Which of the following characteristics of a researcher refers to being careful to conduct his research study at the right time and at right place wisely efficiently Economicly?2. Prudence. The researcher is careful to conduct his research study at the right time and at the right place wisely, efficiently, and economically.
What are the characteristics of a researcher?Characteristics of a Researcher. Curiosity.. Organisational Skills.. Open Mindedness.. Determination & Persistence.. Acting Logically.. Patience.. Trustworthiness – acting with integrity.. Self-reliance.. What are the 4 basic characteristics of research as a process?Characteristics of research. Empirical - based on observations and experimentation.. Systematic - follows orderly and sequential procedure.. Controlled - all variables except those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant.. Employs hypothesis - guides the investigation process.. What are the five characteristics of a researcher?There is a researcher within all of us just waiting to be let loose…. An analytical mind. “As a market researcher you are constantly analysing a variety of factors. ... . The ability to stay calm. ... . Intelligence. ... . Curiosity. ... . Quick thinker. ... . Commitment. ... . Excellent written and verbal communication skills. ... . Sympathetic.. |