Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the causes of abnormal behavior. The medical perspective. Those who hold a medical perspective focus on biological and physiological factors as causes of abnormal behavior, which is treated as a disease, or mental illness, and is diagnosed through symptoms and cured through treatment. Hospitalization and drugs are often preferred methods of treatment rather than psychological investigation. (Recent research linking biochemical disorders with some abnormal behaviors has provided some support for this approach.) The psychodynamic perspective. The psychodynamic perspective, proposed as an alternative to the medical model, evolved from Freudian psychoanalytic theory, which contends that psychological disorders are the consequence of anxiety produced by unresolved, unconscious conflicts. Treatment focuses on identification and resolution of the conflicts. The behavioral perspective. Those espousing a behavioral perspective contend that abnormal behavior results from faulty or ineffective learning and conditioning. Treatments are designed to reshape disordered behavior and, using traditional learning procedures, to teach new, more appropriate, and more adaptive responses. For example, a behavioral analysis of a case of child abuse might suggest that a father abuses his children because he learned the abusive behavior from his father and must now learn more appropriate parenting tactics. The cognitive perspective. According to the cognitive perspective, people engage in abnormal behavior because of particular thoughts and behaviors that are often based upon their false assumptions. Treatments are oriented toward helping the maladjusted individual develop new thought processes and new values. Therapy is a process of unlearning maladaptive habits and replacing them with more useful ones. The social‐cultural perspective. From the social‐cultural perspective, abnormal behavior is learned within a social context ranging from the family, to the community, to the culture. Cultural variables, acquired through learning and cognitive processes, are believed to be important in producing abnormal behavior. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia, for example, are psychological disorders found mostly in Western cultures, which value the thin female body. Recommended textbook solutions Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions Social Psychology10th EditionElliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson 525 solutions HDEV56th EditionSpencer A. Rathus 380 solutions Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, Being13th EditionMichael R Solomon 449 solutions abnormal psychology the scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning and their treaments abnormal disorder harmful dysfunction in which behaviors are maladaptive, unjustifiable, disturbing, and atypical stigma a mark of shame or discredit clinical significance degree to which research findings have useful and meaningful applications to real problems Distress vs. eustress distress is negative stress and eustress is positive stress five criteria for psychological disorder 1. Clinical significance biopsychosocial perspective explains mental disorders as the result of
interactions among biological (genetic) spiritual explanations regard psychological disorders as the product of possession by evil or demonic spirits humanitarian explanations regard psychological disorders as the result of cruelty, stress, or poor living conditions scientific explanations regard psychological disorders as the result of causes that we can objectively measure, such as biological alterations, faulty learning processes, or emotional stressors independent variable variable that is manipulated and controlled dependent variable The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested. Placebo something which has a positive mental effect, but no physical effect placebo condition condition in an experiment in which participants receive a treatment similar to the experimental treatment, but lacking the key feature of the treatment of interest placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial experimental method in which participants are randomly assigned to a placebo versus treatment group double-blind procedure an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. Incidence number of new cases prevalence The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time. case study an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles Three themes of psychological disorders Spiritual Client (patient) This term refer to person seeking psychological treatment clinician the person providing treatment psychologist licensed healthcare professional offers psychological services Psychiatrist (MD) degree in medicine can prescribe drugs, specialized advanced training in psychotherapy or psychological disorders Clinical Psychologists Mental health professional with training in Behavioral Sciences who provides Direct Services Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) V Used by clinicians and researchers to diagnose and classify mental disorders, principal diagnosis the disorder that is considered to be the primary reason the individual seeks professional help Commorbidity co-occurrence of two or more Diagnoses within the same person differential diagnosis the process of systematically ruling out alternative diagnoses types of treatments Goals: short or long term milieu therapy a humanistic approach to institutional treatment based on the belief that institutions can help patients recover by creating a climate that promotes self-respect, responsible behavior, and meaningful activity What do we define abnormality Clinical significance - measurable degree of impairment biopsychosocial approach an integrated approach that incorporates Biological, Psychological, and Social-cultural levels of analysis Causes of abnormal behavior biological factors Biological Factors Abnormal behavior criteria - Genetic inheritance, physiological changes, exposure to toxic substances. Biological factors consist of anything physical that can cause adverse effects on a person's mental health. This includes genetics, prenatal damage, infections, exposure to toxins, brain defects or injuries, and substance abuse. schizophrenia, bipolar, mental retardation Psychological factors Abnormal Behavior criteria - Past learning experiences, maladaptive thought patterns (drinking and gambling), difficulties coping with stress. A psychological disorder is a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Anxiety disorders. Abnormal Behavior Criteria - social policies, discrimination, stigma (negative perspective) Sociocultural sociocultural approach, which looks at the influence of society and culture on a person's mental health. Key components of the sociocultural approach include societal pressures, cultural rules and expectations about race, gender and sexual orientation. 4 D's of abnormality deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger ... psychological distress that manifests psychologically or physically. Physical expressions: asthma, hypertension, fatigue, pain, hears palpitations. Psychological: extreme or prolonged emotional experiences Distress psychological distress that manifests psychologically or physically. a. Physical Expressions: asthma, hypertension, fatigue, pain, hears palpitations b. Psychological: extreme or prolonged emotional experiences Deviance Behaviors that Deviate from social or statistical norms Dysfunction - Impairment in one's ability to participate and fulfill expected psycho social roles Ways to assess dysfunction: - Compare an individual's performance with their potential Dangerousness Danger to oneself or others - Psychologists and statistical models are terrible at predictions Experiment Design independent variable, dependent variable, control variable, control group, replication, & statistics Independent groups adjusted or controlled by the experiment ex. about a therapy reduces anxiety - experiment some provided therapy and some did not. "therapy" is independent variable dependent variable The Measurable Effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested. ex. An example of a dependent variable is how tall you are at different ages. The dependent variable (height) depends on the independent variable (age) level of stress and anxiety - independent variable randomized controlled trial experimental group randomly has interventions to minimize 'bias" to who needs treatment the most. Method works with "evidenced- based treatment" correlation design studies intended to indicate how variables are related to each other "No cause and effect, results can be generalized" correlation numbers = +1 and -1 positive correlation - scores increases, so as the other increases (+ 43) negative correlation - scores increases , other decreases (-43) Experiment cause and effects case study method an in-depth study of one or more individuals "explanatory and can not be generalized" therapist describes cases to family members that share same unusual disorder single experimental design (SCED)
same person serves as subject in both experimental and control conditions. ... book a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders such as individual's cognitive, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in psychology, biology, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning - associated with significant distress or disability in psychological functioning NOT: Culturally normative responses to common stressors are not considered mental disorders. - Socially deviant behavior (e.g., political protest) that is primarily between the individual and society are not mental disorders. Reliability and Validity two factors that makeup a good psychological test consistency; accuracy Reliability degree to which a test or measure procedures consistent results - diagnosis aligns to symptoms validity test, diagnosis, or rating accurately and distinctly characterizes a person's psychological status. Diagnostic Procedures principal diagnosis treatment plan - outline for how therapy should take place Treatment site psychiatric hospitals - client receives medical interventions and intensive psychotherapy specialized inpatient treatment centers - intensive supervision 24 hours supervisions - rehab drug addicts outpatient treatment - community mental health centers (CMHCCs) - limited care Halfway houses and day treatment programs - clinical interview A series of questions that clinicians administer in face to face interactions with client. Clinical interview questions Age and
gender mental status examination a method of objectivity assessing a client's behavior and functioning in a number of spheres, with particular attention to the symptoms associated with psychological disturbance Content of thought Structured vs unstructured interview Structured interview - provides standardized series of questions with predetermined wording and order More systematic approach to Diagnosed or classified clients symptoms -45-90 mins Structured clinical interview for DSM 5 - CV Intelligence testing Clinicians use to in diagnosis of neurological and psychiatric disorders Cognitive evaluation - prediction, learning disabilities, giftedness, intellectual ability Stanford Binet 5 Deviation intelligence (IQ) Below - 99 Wechsler intelligence scales The first comprehensive individual test that researchers specifically design to measure adults intelligence. Verbal and performance Self-report clinical inventory Pschological standardize fix questions Test paper or online test Biological Perspective A psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts. focused on the connection between Psychological Disorder and Specific brain areas. check ABNORMALITIES of the following Biological perspective treatments Drug therapy - antidepressant, anti-anxiety, antibipolar, antipsychotic Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Psychosurgery Inherited/Genes ----> TRAITS----> Behavior/Personality Projective test Test take presented ambiguous images or task. Asked to provide own interpretations Rorschach inkblot test Neuropsychological assessment Performance based method assessing cognitive function - injuries Short term (attention and working) - scores will be based on response comprehension, verbal, mental, speed processing Executive function - formulate ablity to complete all task in a effective way. Brain damage Electroencephalogram (EEG) Measures electrical wave activity in the brain Alertness Computed axial tomography scan (CAT or CT) Series of X-rays to produce pictur of brain Checks fluid area of brain (ventricles) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Radio waves (capsules) to check nerve fibers (white matter) and nerve cells (grey matter) for disease Powerful electromagnetic energy Position emission tomography (PET) scan Small amount of radioactive compound is injected into bloodstream to measure brain activity Neurotransmitters chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons Genes DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission. Genotype genetic makeup of an organism Allele one of two or more a number of different forms of a gene polygenic describes a characteristic that is influenced by many genes Phenotype the expressed traits of an organism in the individual's physical and psychological attributes psychodynamic perspective the theoretical orientation in psychology that emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior -abnormal symptoms -oldest and most famous psychological model Feuds views of Abnormal Behavior Id - pleasure principle, needs, impulses, "I want it know" Ego- reality principle, defense mechanism or mediator, "satisfy Id w/o upsetting SuperEgo" SuperEgo - morality principle, conscience, "adopted from parents" treatments Short term - Psychodynamic therapies Behavioral Perpective theoretical assumption that abnormality is caused by faulty learning experience -observable behavior two theories that focus how behaviorists explain abnormal behavior -Classical conditioning - pairing unrelated stimuli - PAVLOV and PHOBIAS -Operant conditioning - Reward and Punishment, reinforces the behavior, - SKINNER -Modeling - observe and repeat, "do what I say, not as I do" - anxiety Treatment note: therapist becomes "teacher" cognitive perpective focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem-solving, and learning dysfunctional attitude (people will think less of me if I don't make mistake) ----> experience (I gave the wrong answer in class)---->autonomic thought (people think I am stupid)---->negative emotion (I feel sad and useless) Assessment treatment: sociocultural perspective A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior assessment treatment |
Which of the following is an approach that focuses on the impact of societal factors in explaining abnormal behaviors quizlet?
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