Which of the following is not one of the four ingredients common to MBO programs

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Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 11e (Robbins/Judge) Chapter 6 Motivation Concepts

1. Motivation is one of the most frequently researched topics in OB. According to a study, by workers' own reports, they waste roughly 2 hours per day, not counting lunch and scheduled breaks and the biggest time-wasters were Internet surfing and ________. A) reading newspapers B) listening to music C) talking with co-workers D) playing online games E) reading books Answer: C Explanation: C) According to a study, the two biggest time wasters were Internet surfing and talking with co-workers. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 72 Objective: Motivation Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1

2. ________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. A) Leadership B) Management C) Selective perception D) Emotional labor E) Motivation Answer: E Explanation: E) Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 72 Objective: Motivation Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1

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1. Motivation can be defined by three key elements. ________ is one of these three key elements and it is the element most of us focus on when we talk about motivation. A) Intelligence B) Experience C) Expertise D) Intensity E) Knowledge Answer: D Explanation: D) Intensity describes how hard a person tries. This is the element most of us focus on when we talk about motivation. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 72 Objective: Elements of Motivation Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1

2. Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one's hunger, thirst, and other bodily needs? A) safety B) physiological C) social D) esteem E) psychological Answer: B Explanation: B) Maslow hypothesized that within every human being there exists a hierarchy of five needs. The lowest, most basic needs are physiological. They include hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 73 Objective: Physiological Needs Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2

3. According to the Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a lower order need? A) social B) safety C) esteem D) self-actualization E) recognition Answer: B Explanation: B) Maslow separated the five needs into higher and lower orders. Physiological and safety needs were lower-order needs and social, esteem, and self-actualization were higher- order needs. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 73 Objective: Hierarchy of Needs Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2

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1. According to Douglas McGregor's Theory X, which of the following is a behavior that is most likely to be exhibited by a manager? A) She empowers her subordinates. B) She trusts her employees to use discretion in most matters. C) She strictly controls all the details of any project she is managing. D) She delegates authority extensively to junior managers. E) She lets her employees choose their own goals. Answer: C Explanation: C) According to Theory X, managers believe employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it. As per theory X, a manager would not trust her employees and would feel inclined to control all aspects of their work. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 74 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Theory X Quest. Category: Application LO: 2

2. The ________ theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory. A) hierarchy of needs B) goal-setting C) self-determination D) cognitive evaluation E) two-factor Answer: E Explanation: E) Psychologist Frederick Herzberg proposed the two-factor theory—also called motivation-hygiene theory. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 74 Objective: Self-Determination Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2

3. Which of the following statements is true according to the two-factor theory? A) The hygiene factors tend to be intrinsic factors. B) Factors that lead to job satisfaction are extrinsic factors. C) Adequate hygiene factors ensure that people are not dissatisfied. D) Recognition is a hygiene factor. E) Hygiene factors lead to job satisfaction. Answer: C Explanation: C) According to Herzberg, the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Intrinsic factors such as advancement, recognition, responsibility, and achievement seem related to job satisfaction. Extrinsic factors are related to job dissatisfaction and these factors are called hygiene factors. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 74- Objective: Self-Determination Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2

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Your fellow employees have a terrible work situation. They work in an old, run-down building with an antiquated heating system. The work itself is tedious and the supervisor is rarely available and only shows up to give reprimands for production shortfalls. Nobody has received a promotion in two years. The work is boring, repetitious, and unrewarding.

1. You are trying to improve this situation with the help of Herzberg's two factor theory. You decide that your first job should be to improve the hygiene factors. Which of the following would you consider as a hygiene factor? A) working conditions B) training related to new skills C) recognition D) employee empowerment E) promotion Answer: A Explanation: A) Factors such as quality of supervision, pay, company policies, physical working conditions, relationships with others, and job security are considered hygiene factors or extrinsic factors. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 74 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Two-Factor Theory Quest. Category: Application LO: 2

2. According to the two-factor theory, which of the following statements would likely be true? A) When the working conditions are improved, employees will be satisfied. B) Quality of supervision is a motivation factor. C) Fixing the conditions that make the employees dissatisfied will not make them satisfied. D) Employees are dissatisfied due to lack of recognition. E) The major reason for dissatisfaction is probably the lack of promotion. Answer: C Explanation: C) Factors related to job dissatisfaction are called hygiene factors. Working conditions and quality of supervision are hygiene factors and promotion is a motivation factor. Managers who seek to improve hygiene factors may bring about peace but not necessarily motivation. They will be placating rather than motivating their workers. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 74 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Two-Factor Theory Quest. Category: Application LO: 2

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1. According to the two-factor theory proposed by Herzberg, which of the following factors is considered a hygiene factor? A) promotional opportunity B) quality of supervision C) achievement D) recognition E) responsibility Answer: B Explanation: B) Two-factor theory relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. Conditions such as quality of supervision, pay, company policies, physical working conditions, relationships with others, and job security are considered hygiene factors or extrinsic factors. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 75 Objective: Extrinsic Factors Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2

2. Which of the following theories indicates the existence of a dual continuum? A) hierarchy of needs theory B) self-determination theory C) two-factor theory D) cognitive evaluation theory E) theory of needs Answer: C Explanation: C) Frederick Herzberg proposed the two-factor theory. Herzberg proposed that his findings indicated the existence of a dual continuum: The opposite of "satisfaction" is "no satisfaction," and the opposite of "dissatisfaction" is "no dissatisfaction." Diff: 3 Page Ref: 75 Objective: Hygiene Factors Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2

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1. The two-factor theory proposes that ________. A) within every human being, there exists a hierarchy of five needs and as each of these needs becomes substantially satisfied, the next one becomes dominant B) employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it C) employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore the average person can learn to accept, and even seek, responsibility D) the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction E) achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation Answer: D Explanation: D) The two-factor theory proposes that the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 75 Objective: Self-Determination Theory Quest. Category: Application LO: 2

2. McClelland's theory of needs concentrates on which three needs? A) achievement, growth, and security B) achievement, power, and affiliation C) self-actualization, stability, and affiliation D) affiliation, control, and security E) control, status, and affiliation Answer: B Explanation: B) McClelland's theory of needs states that achievement (need for achievement, nAch), power (need for power, nPow), and affiliation (need for affiliation, nAff) are three important needs that help explain motivation. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 76 Objective: McClelland's Theory of Needs Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2

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1. Which of the following theories proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation? A) theory of needs B) motivation-hygiene theory C) two-factor theory D) self-determination theory E) goal setting theory Answer: D Explanation: D) Self determination theory proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77 Objective: Self-Determination Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2

2. Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive evaluation theory? A) This theory proposes that employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it. B) This theory hypothesizes that extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in a task. C) This theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory. D) This theory is based on three needs, need for achievement, need for power, and need for affiliation. E) According to this theory, the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Answer: B Explanation: B) The cognitive evaluation theory hypothesizes that extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in a task. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77 Objective: Self-Determination Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2

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1. The concept of self-concordance proposes that ________. A) the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction B) employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it C) individuals who pursue goals because of an intrinsic interest are more likely to attain their goals D) people with high achievement need tend to be the best general managers E) extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in a task Answer: C Explanation: C) According to the concept of self-concordance, if individuals pursue goals because of an intrinsic interest, they are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even if they do not. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 78 Objective: Self-Determination Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2

2. ________ indicates how strongly peoples' reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values. A) Selective perception B) Positivity offset C) Cognitive dissonance D) Emotional contagion E) Self-concordance Answer: E Explanation: E) Self-concordance indicates how strongly peoples' reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values. If individuals pursue goals because of an intrinsic interest, they are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even if they do not. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78 Objective: Self-Determination Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2

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1. What sort of goals does Management by Objectives (MBO) emphasize? A) tangible, verifiable, and measurable B) achievable, controllable, and profitable C) inspirational, verifiable, and creative D) challenging, rewarding, and measurable E) profitable, attainable, and verifiable Answer: A Explanation: A) Management by objectives (MBO) emphasizes participatively set goals that are tangible, verifiable, and measurable. The organization's overall objectives are translated into specific objectives for each succeeding level in the organization. MBO works from the bottom up as well as from the top down. The result is a hierarchy that links objectives at one level to those at the next. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 Objective: Management by Objectives Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3

2. ________ involves translating the organization's overall objectives into specific objectives for each succeeding level in the organization. A) Strategic planning B) Management by objectives C) Representative participation D) Management buy out E) Management by exception Answer: B Explanation: B) Management by objectives involves translating the organization's overall objectives into specific objectives for each succeeding level in the organization. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 Objective: Management by Objectives Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3

3. Which of the following is not an ingredient common to all MBO programs? A) an explicit time period B) participative decision making C) interdependence of tasks D) performance feedback E) specification of the goal Answer: C Explanation: C) Four ingredients are common to MBO programs: goal specificity, participation in decision making (including participation in the setting of goals or objectives), an explicit time period, and performance feedback. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 81 Objective: Management by Objectives Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3

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1. Many elements in management by objectives (MBO) programs match propositions of ________ theory. A) motivation-hygiene B) cognitive evaluation C) goal-setting D) self determination E) hierarchy of needs Answer: C Explanation: C) Many elements in management by objectives (MBO) programs match propositions of goal setting theory. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 81 Objective: Management by Objectives Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3

2. Which of the following statements is true regarding a management by objective (MBO) program? A) Many elements in MBO programs match propositions of cognitive evaluation theory. B) MBO strongly advocates that the goals should be assigned by the managers without the employees participating in the goal setting process. C) MBO programs set generalized rather than specific goals. D) MBO programs involve explicit time periods. E) MBO programs strongly discourage providing performance feedback because it can have negative effects on employee motivation. Answer: D Explanation: D) Many elements in MBO programs match propositions of goal-setting theory. Four ingredients are common to MBO programs: goal specificity, participation in decision making (including participation in the setting of goals or objectives), an explicit time period, and performance feedback. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 81 Objective: Management by Objectives Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3

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1. The Pygmalion effect is also called the ________ effect. A) Self-efficacy B) Self-concordance C) Galatea D) Self-determination E) Pseudocertainty Answer: C Explanation: C) The Pygmalion effect is also called the Galatea effect. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 82 Objective: Reinforcement Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3

2. The researcher who developed self-efficacy theory, Albert Bandura, proposes four ways self- efficacy can be increased. Which of the following is one of these four ways that involves becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task? A) arousal B) enactive mastery C) focused training D) vicarious modeling E) verbal persuasion Answer: D Explanation: D) Vicarious modeling is one of the four ways of increasing self-efficacy. It involves becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 82 Objective: Reinforcement Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3

3. Which of the following is one of the four ways of increasing self-efficacy that involves gaining relevant experience with the task or job? A) verbal persuasion B) enactive mastery C) vicarious modeling D) arousal E) focused training Answer: B Explanation: B) Enactive mastery involves gaining relevant experience with the task or job. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 82 Objective: Reinforcement Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3

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1. ________ is a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true. A) The confirmation bias B) The Pygmalion effect C) The anchoring bias D) The framing effect E) The distinction bias Answer: B Explanation: B) The Pygmalion effect is a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 82 Objective: Reinforcement Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3

2. With reference to the four ways of increasing self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura, verbal persuasion involves becoming more confident ________. A) by gaining relevant experience with the task or job B) because you see someone else doing the task C) because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful D) because you get rewarded for performing a similar task well E) because you get energized or "psyched up" for performing the task Answer: C Explanation: C) Verbal persuasion involves becoming more confident because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful. Motivational speakers use this tactic a lot. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 82 Objective: Reinforcement Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3

3. Which of the following ways of increasing self-efficacy is generally used by motivational speakers? A) arousal B) enactive mastery C) focused training D) vicarious modeling E) verbal persuasion Answer: E Explanation: E) Verbal persuasion involves becoming more confident because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful. Motivational speakers use this tactic a lot. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 82 Objective: Reinforcement Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3

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1. According to the equity theory, there are four referent comparisons. One of these four referent comparisons known as other-inside refers to ________. A) an employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization B) an employee's experiences in a different position outside the employee's current organization C) another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization D) another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization E) an employee's experiences in a similar position outside the employee's current organization Answer: C Explanation: C) The referent comparison of other-inside refers to another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84 Objective: Equity Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4

2. Self-inside is one of the four referent comparisons mentioned in the equity theory and it refers to ________. A) an employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization B) an employee's experiences in a different position outside the employee's current organization C) another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization D) another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization E) an employee's experiences in a similar position outside the employee's current organization Answer: A Explanation: A) The referent comparison of self-inside refers to an employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84 Objective: Referent Comparisons Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4

3. Other-outside is a referent comparison that refers to ________. A) an employee's experiences in a similar position outside the employee's current organization B) another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization C) an employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization D) another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization E) an employee's experiences in a different position outside the employee's current organization Answer: D Explanation: D) The referent comparison of other-outside refers to another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84 Objective: Referent Comparisons Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4

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1. The equity theory ________. A) discusses three important needs achievement, power, and affiliation B) suggests that employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it C) proposes that extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in a task D) discusses four referent comparisons self-inside, self-outside, other-inside, other-outside E) suggests that the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction Answer: D Explanation: D) The equity theory discusses four referent comparisons self-inside, self-outside, other-inside, other-outside. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84 Objective: Inequity Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4

2. James is a salaried employee whose job is to proofread legal documents. He discovers that he is paid substantially more than his colleagues, even though their jobs and performances are very similar. What is likely to be his reaction to this discovery according to the equity theory? A) The quantity of documents he proofreads will decrease. B) The quality of documents he proofreads will decrease. C) The quantity and/or the quality of documents he proofreads will increase. D) He will seek a position within the company to commensurate with his pay. E) He will begin to look for a position outside of the company. Answer: C Explanation: C) When a person sees himself as overrewarded, it creates guilt. In order to reinstate a sense of equity, according to equity theory, James will change his inputs (exert more if overpaid). He will increase the quantity or the quality of documents he proofreads. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 84 AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Inequity Quest. Category: Application LO: 4

Which of these components is not one of the four ingredients common to MBO program?

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Which of the following is not involved in MBO?

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