Passed on July 2, 1862, this act made it possible for states to establish public colleges funded by the development or sale of associated federal land grants. Over 10 million acres provided by these grants were expropriated from tribal lands of Native communities. The new land-grant institutions, which emphasized agriculture and mechanic arts, opened opportunities to thousands of farmers and working people previously excluded from higher education. Show Sponsored by Senator Justin Morrill of Vermont, the "Act Donating public lands to the several States and [Territories] which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the Mechanic arts" marked the first federal aid to higher education. But the government’s recognition of its obligation to provide schools for its future citizens dates from the beginning of the republic. In the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the Continental Congress wrote, "Knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." With this ordinance, Congress established a precedent for the support of public education that would grow to substantial commitments in later years. Land was the key to the federal government’s early involvement. Much of this land had been, and would continue to be, taken from Native American tribes. It was ceded through treaties, agreements, and seizure. Often tribes were effectively forced to sign treaties ceding land because of their living conditions or threat of violence. In many cases, the federal government did not uphold its end of these treaties. These now "public lands" were surveyed into six-mile square townships, and a one-square-mile section in each township was reserved for the support of public schools. The land itself was rarely used for school construction but rather was sold off, with proceeds used to fund the school program. The system invited misuse by opportunists, and substantial portions of the educational land-grants never benefited education. Nevertheless, land-grant support became a substantial factor in providing education to most American children who could never hope to attend private or charity-supported schools. The Morrill Act committed the federal government to grant each state 30,000 acres of public land issued in the form of "land scrip" certificates for each of its representatives and senators in Congress. Although many states squandered the revenue from this endowment, which grew to an allocation of over 100 million acres, the Morrill land grants laid the foundation for a national system of state colleges and universities. In some cases, the land sales financed existing institutions; in others, new schools were chartered by the states. Major universities such as Nebraska, Washington State, Clemson, and Cornell were chartered as land-grant schools. People of color were often excluded from these educational opportunities due to their race. The Second Morrill Act of 1890 was aimed at the former Confederate states and sought to rectify this discrimination. It required states to establish separate land-grant institutions for Black students or demonstrate that admission was not restricted by race. The act granted money instead of land and resulted in the establishment of several historically Black universities and colleges, including Alabama A&M, Prairie View A&M University, and Tuskegee University.
 The Cherokee were forcibly removed from their land in Georgia. Their 1,200-mile trek to present-day Oklahoma is known as the "Trail of Tears." Amy Walters, NPR hide caption toggle caption Amy Walters, NPR
The Cherokee were forcibly removed from their land in Georgia. Their 1,200-mile trek to present-day Oklahoma is known as the "Trail of Tears." Amy Walters, NPR About one in 12 residents of Oklahoma is a Native American — a higher percentage than in any other U.S. state. These demographics are in large part the fruits of America's 19th-century expansion to the South and West. As white settlers sought more land to harvest cotton, they encountered an obstacle: The Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chicasaw and Seminole nations already lived on the lands in question. From 1814 to 1824, Andrew Jackson, then a military commander, took the lead in negotiating treaties that traded the Indian-held lands that whites desired for plots further West. The U.S. acquired parts of Georgia, Tennessee, Mississippi, Kentucky and North Carolina, as well as three-quarters of Alabama and Florida. Tribal leaders agreed to the treaties in hopes of preserving peace and retaining some of their land. Those hopes were dashed in 1823, when the Supreme Court ruled that Indians could not hold title to lands within the boundaries of the U.S. Some tribes in the southeastern U.S. voluntarily relocated westward after the Supreme Court decision. Many more resisted — some by attempting to assimilate or cooperate with white settlers, others through defiance and even warfare. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized the U.S. to set aside lands west of the Mississippi River for tribes. Another act, passed in 1834, created what became known as Indian Territory; it included modern-day Oklahoma. The laws helped set the stage for mass, forced migrations of tribes, as the U.S. government claimed their lands in the North and East by force. Within less than five decades, more than 60 tribes had willingly or forcibly relocated to Indian Territory. In one of the most infamous forced migrations, bayonet-wielding U.S. soldiers evicted thousands of Cherokees from their lands in Georgia. At least 4,000 Cherokee are believed to have perished during a grueling 1,200-mile trek known as the "Trail of Tears." Indian Territory itself didn't last long. The growth of railroads brought more white settlers west of the Mississippi. As the U.S. population swelled, Congress opened large swathes of the territory for settlement. By the early 20th century, Indian Territory had been abolished. The remaining lots of land were reassigned from tribal entities to individual Indians. That made it possible for Oklahoma to gain statehood in 1907, but it also scattered Indian holdings. Today, more than three-dozen federally recognized tribes live in Oklahoma. Before statehood, U.S. authorities and tribal leaders had agreed that tribal governments would be dissolved. Nonetheless, tribes continue to hold limited sovereignty on their lands. Which of the following was true concerning the settlement of Oklahoma Territory?HIS 109 Final "Westward Expansion" 1840-1900. What was the original purpose for the Oklahoma Territory?Initially considered unsuitable for white colonization, Indian Territory was thought to be an ideal place to relocate Native Americans who were removed from their traditional lands to make way for white settlement.
What was the first settlement in Oklahoma?The Land Run of 1889, the first land run in the territory's history, opened Oklahoma Territory to settlement on April 22, 1889. Over 50,000 people entered the lands on the first day, among them thousands of freedmen and descendants of slaves.
When did the region that included present day Oklahoma become the territory of the United States?In 1866 the western half of Indian Territory was ceded to the United States, which opened part of it to white settlers in 1889. This portion became the Territory of Oklahoma in 1890 and eventually encompassed all the lands ceded in 1866.
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Which of the following made the settlement of the Oklahoma Territory different from that of other territories?
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