Which of the following statements best describes why a sociological imagination is important for understanding society? Show
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The sociological imagination allows us to refine our emotional biases in research settings. The sociological imagination gives us the creativity to examine whether personal problems are real or fake. Only when we develop this ability can we start to see how larger issues in society relate to personal problems. The sociological imagination allows us to think about the social consequences of social issues. Only when we develop this ability can we start to see how larger issues in society relate to personal problems. Which of the following best describes how people commonly develop stereotypes? A person assumes that the characteristics of one group are also the characteristics of another group. A person believes that a group has a particular characteristic based on recent sociological research. One person believes another person possesses a given characteristic because he or she has spent a long time getting to know the person. A person perceives that a group is distinct because of a certain characteristic, then assumes that an individual from that group must have that characteristic. A person perceives that a group is distinct because of a certain characteristic, then assumes that an individual from that group must have that characteristic. Sociologists can ask a broad array of questions. Which of the following best identifies what these sociological questions all have in common? Sociological questions consider how social contexts matter. All sociological questions ask about the effects of society on families. Sociological questions are not about things that are obvious, but about only things that people disagree on. Sociological questions rely on commonsense aphorisms. Sociological questions consider how social contexts matter. Sociologist C. Wright Mills suggested that the sociological imagination is a concept that lets us think systematically about the relationship between the personal and the social. Using your sociological imagination, how might the personal problem of unemployment be tied to greater social issues? A person will face unemployment if he or she has mental health issues that make the person a poor worker. A person will face unemployment if he or she is not willing to put in extended hours. A person will face unemployment due to a recession that resulted in fewer available job openings for job seekers. A person will face unemployment if he or she is not sufficiently motivated to work. A person will face unemployment due to a recession that resulted in fewer available job openings for job seekers. A student notices that very few women in his university are studying to become engineers. What sort of sociological question could be based on this observation? Is there a neurological pathway in the female brain that causes women to avoid studying engineering? Why are women biologically unequipped to compete with men in engineering? Despite the fact that many people say women can succeed in any field they choose, are there invisible barriers in higher education that prevent women from studying engineering? Despite the fact that many people say women can succeed in any field they choose, why are men logical thinkers, as opposed to women, who are emotional thinkers? Despite the fact that many people say women can succeed in any field they choose, are there invisible barriers in higher education that prevent women from studying engineering? Race, gender, and religion are all examples of __________. our biology our physiology identities a thought experiment identities Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between norms and whether an individual "fits in" to society? Norms are the result of a psychological process and regulate whether we feel we "fit in." Norms are the rules about what is and isn't acceptable by our community and must be followed to "fit in." Norms derive from hormones and regulate whether we feel we "fit in." Norms regularly challenge social hierarchies and disrupt the ability of people with high-status positions from "fitting in" at their high-status jobs. Norms are the rules about what is and isn't acceptable by our community and must be followed to "fit in." What do synagogues, political organizations, and schools have in common? They are all types of organizations that sociologists refuse to examine or write about. They are all contexts where people might gain special opportunities. Sociologist C. Wright Mills referred to these three organizations as the holy trinity of sociological observation. They are all social structures that have no bearing on our development. They are all contexts where people might gain special opportunities. Which of the following best describes what it means to connect individual biographies to history? Connecting biography to history means understanding how history can be understood by analyzing biology. Connecting biography to history means understanding how sociology was created by historians. Connecting biography to history means understanding how an individual's problem is really a social problem affecting many individuals. Connecting biography to history means understanding how biographers have systematically altered our understanding of history. Connecting biography to history means understanding how an individual's problem is really a social problem affecting many individuals. Edward is introduced to Jessah and intends to kiss her cheek in greeting. Inadvertently, he ends up kissing her on the lips. Both Edward and Jessah laugh and feel embarrassed by this mistake. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn based on this scenario? Edward and Jessah inadvertently established a new social hierarchy. Edward accidentally created a new norm. Edward's mistake was a violation of social norms. Edward likely created a new set of rules. Edward's mistake was a violation of social norms. In the late 1800s, the United States went through a period of __________, which refers to a pronounced growth in factories and cities. economic depression socialization industrialization social interaction industrialization The field of sociology has spawned other areas of study. Which of the following is an area of study spawned by sociology? gender studies history psychology genetics gender studies Relative to other disciplines, such as economics and political science, sociology __________ engage(s) in interdisciplinary research. is the least likely discipline to is the most likely discipline to actively opposes efforts to always is the most likely discipline to Who coined the term "sociology"? Karl Marx Emile Durkheim Auguste Comte John Commons Auguste Comte Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between sociology and different units of analysis? Sociological explanations of how the world shapes people's behavior only take two different units of analysis into account. Sociological explanations of how the world shapes people's behavior often take into account different units of analysis. For sociologists, the unit of analysis is always the individual. The unit of analysis is a reference to the metric units employed in sociological studies, which sociologists routinely use to conform to the standards of their European colleagues. Sociological explanations of how the world shapes people's behavior often take into account different units of analysis. Tam is able to attend a highly competitive college because his parents have enough income to pay the tuition. Lai is only able to attend night classes at a less competitive college because she has to work during the day to pay tuition. Which statement best describes how the notion of a "social context" can be used to describe this scenario? Tam and Lai are experiencing different social contexts, which will likely have an impact on the type of opportunities each encounters in life. Lai's and Tam's educational experiences are not related to the notion of a social context, and they will only begin experiencing a social context after their formal education. Lai is experiencing a social context, but Tam is not. Tam and Lai are experiencing the same social context. Tam and Lai are experiencing different social contexts, which will likely have an impact on the type of opportunities each encounters in life. Which of the following statements best describes how roles are related to social institutions? A role is a position within an institution or organization that comes with specific social expectations for how to behave and be treated. Roles are produced by the psychological processes of individuals, which then produce institutions. Roles are institutions, which individuals must always occupy. Institutions can only exist if individuals disregard the social hierarchy of roles. A role is a position within an institution or organization that comes with specific social expectations for how to behave and be treated. Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between sociology and other social science disciplines? Sociological findings have not had a great impact on other social science disciplines. Sociology has been entirely ostracized by other disciplines, including psychology and economics. Sociology has given birth to a number of other disciplines, including African American studies, gender studies, demography, and criminology. Sociology has a track record of insulating itself from other disciplines, such as psychology and economics. Sociology has given birth to a number of other disciplines, including African American studies, gender studies, demography, and criminology. Which of the following best explains the relationship between a sociological imagination and stereotypes? Sociological imagination is another word for stereotype. A sociological imagination challenges stereotypes by raising questions about where they come from. Social stereotypes are the building blocks of social roles, and social roles are the building blocks of a sociological imagination. A sociological imagination helps us see the value in stereotypes as they dictate social norms. A sociological imagination challenges stereotypes by raising questions about where they come from. A good sociological question does not simply rely on stereotypes. Which of the following is a good sociological question? Why are people who are on welfare so lazy? Do successful women have more tenacity than unsuccessful women? Does being born into poverty increase the chances that a person will stay in poverty? Do higher-income people work harder at their jobs? Does being born into poverty increase the chances that a person will stay in poverty? A parent tells a child he is not supposed to eat food off the ground. This rule is an example of __________. a norm status training prejudice a role a norm Family, marriage, education, government, and religion are all examples of __________. prejudices social networks social institutions subcultures social institutions Which of the following scenarios describes how a person's identity might have an impact on his or her opportunities in life? Rob had an accident at work and now experiences chronic back pain, which limits his freedom of movement. Jared seems to have a natural ability to excel in statistics and, true to form, by the end of the semester, he receives the highest grade in his statistics class. Shelly notices that her classmates are less likely to question male professors than female professors. She wonders whether the relative lack of criticism for male professors means male professors in the university will be more successful than their female colleagues. Carl has always had an exceptional ability to make small talk with random people. One day, after having a nice conversation with a stranger on a train, Carl was surprised when the stranger offered him a job. Shelly notices that her classmates are less likely to question male professors than female professors. She wonders whether the relative lack of criticism for male professors means male professors in the university will be more successful than their female colleagues. Baby Alyssa is born in a hospital with a lot of resources, staff, and modern equipment. Baby Brandi is born in a hospital with older equipment, few staff, and little resources. Which statement best describes this scenario? The two babies occupy similar positions in the social hierarchy and will therefore develop in a nearly identical manner. Alyssa and Brandi will receive the same level of care because hospitals, no matter where they are located, belong to the same social institution. The two babies are born into different social contexts, which will have an impact on their social development. The two babies are born into different social contexts, but studies show that the social development of children is not impacted by institutions such as the health care system. The two babies are born into different social contexts, which will have an impact on their social development. How did urbanization lead to the development of sociology? Urbanization caused sociologists to move their practices from the countryside to the city. Urbanization led to the Great Depression, and sociology was originally developed to study the Great Depression. Urbanization caused various social problems, such as growing levels of poverty, and governments and scholars wanted to understand these problems. Urbanization led to the creation of biology as a science, and a small group of biologists created sociology. Urbanization caused various social problems, such as growing levels of poverty, and governments and scholars wanted to understand these problems. The social sciences were first founded in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Why was this the case? Rapid industrialization and urbanization of the time resulted in the need to study society and its groups. The social sciences formed to address this need. Sociology was going through a process of "spinning off" new social science disciplines, such as African American studies. Western societies were undergoing a period of great continuity, and the social sciences were founded in order to understand why. People first started to have questions about society during that period because they had more leisure time. Rapid industrialization and urbanization of the time resulted in the need to study society and its groups. The social sciences formed to address this need. Which of the following is an example of a stereotype? More people are unemployed this year compared with last year. Women should be paid the same as men. Children with poor nutrition tend to score lower in school. Keri is spoiled because she came from a wealthy family. Keri is spoiled because she came from a wealthy family. Which of the following is the best definition of the term "institution"? Institutions refer to important architectural structures, including ones that are unoccupied. Institutions are unique types of organizations that seek to destroy societies. Institutions are important sets of practices that society has followed for a long time. Institutions are groups and organizations that can only be called upon during desperate times. Institutions are important sets of practices that society has followed for a long time. Forming a good sociological question requires that we learn not to take __________ for granted. data the knowledge of economists book knowledge stereotypes and commonsense stereotypes and commonsense A teenager notices that his new employer likes to boast that no matter the background and identity of new applicants, she always gives people equal consideration when it comes to hiring. What sort of sociological question could be based on this teenager's observations? Given that employers do not discriminate, how do job seekers so often screw up their chances to get hired? Does the type of font used on a resume have an impact on whether a person gets hired? Which of the important skills I listed on my resume made the biggest impression on my employer? Do employers like this one actually give people equal consideration, or do they just say they do? Do employers like this one actually give people equal consideration, or do they just say they do? Social theories are __________. only written by sociologists completely accurate and reliable ways of explaining social life systematic ideas that help explain the relationship between individuals and society ideas that refuse to explain the relationship between any two entities systematic ideas that help explain the relationship between individuals and society Theories that are very grand or "macro" in nature typically seek to explain __________. single topics, such as race, gender, or religion spiritual phenomena, such as the existence of God universal features of societies abnormal features of individuals universal features of societies Jennifer is a new student in sociology. She is having trouble in her theory class because none of the theories she is learning about seem to say the same things about society. What might a more experienced student say to Jennifer to help her understand why this is the case? "Whether sociology offers one theory or multiple theories is only a matter of the teacher's perspective." "You are confusing sociology with economics. Unlike economics, sociology draws on one unified theory of how individuals are connected to society." "Sociology has multiple and competing theories and most sociologists draw on more than one at a time to make sense of their research." "The truth is sociology does not rely on theory at all; it only relies on statistical facts." "Sociology has multiple and competing theories and most sociologists draw on more than one at a time to make sense of their research." Which of the following describes the central questions all sociological theories face? What is the basis for the division between civilization and the state of nature? What is the basis for social order? What are the circumstances under which societies change? When did humans invent tools? When did humans master fire? When did humans master agriculture? What is the nature of the individual? What is the basis for social order? What are the circumstances under which societies change? What is the nature of the individual? What are the circumstances under which a society will morph? What are the circumstances under which societies change? What is the nature of the individual? What is the basis for social order? What are the circumstances under which societies change? Different theoretical traditions offer __________ answers to the question, "What are the circumstances or conditions under which societies change?" identical few irrelevant different different Which of the following terms describes the idea that capitalists are driven to push down the wages of workers, which is in direct conflict with the goals of workers, who seek to secure higher wages? class struggle socialist struggle social solidarity the communist imperative class struggle Which of the following themes can be readily found in Emile Durkheim's theoretical work? social solidarity communism gender inequality social surveillance social solidarity Which social theorist was most interested in understanding how people interpret and give meaning to the world around them? Karl Marx Georg Simmel Emile Durkheim Max Weber Max Weber Imagine you are a sociologist interested in designing a research study to investigate whether there are differences in college students' academic outcomes depending on whom they have in their social networks to help them through college. Which of the following social theorists might be most useful in helping you with this research? Georg Simmel Karl Marx Emile Durkheim Friedrich Engels Georg Simmel Which of the following concepts refers to W. E. B. Du Bois's idea that unlike white Americans, black Americans must live multiple lives, one as a black person and one as an American? ethnocentrism social closure double consciousness dual social networks double consciousness Which social theorist is primarily associated with the development of structural functionalism? W. E. B. Du Bois Georg Simmel Friedrich Engels Talcott Parsons Talcott Parsons Social theorists working in the tradition of __________ theorized that social change happened much like the theory of __________. conflict theory; evolution structural functionalism; relativity symbolic interaction; fluid dynamics structural functionalism; evolution structural functionalism; evolution Which theoretical perspective focuses on how social and economic inequalities persist because powerful individuals and groups work to protect their advantages? structural functionalism network analysis conflict theory symbolic interaction conflict theory Which of the following best characterizes the focus of symbolic interactionism? Symbolic interactionism focuses on the economic differences between racial groups. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the nuances of how people in society compete for scarce resources. Symbolic interactionism focuses on how people interact and create shared meaning. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the ways social institutions complement each other. Symbolic interactionism focuses on how people interact and create shared meaning. Which of the following concepts would symbolic interactionists most likely use in their research? social systems capitalism impression management economic inequality impression management Before conducting research, sociologists often come up with a prediction about what might be discovered by the research. What is this prediction called? hypothesis sociological question social norm research topic hypothesis A sociologist supports marriage equality, and he decides to conduct a research project on marriage laws in each state. His support of marriage equality could also be called his __________. values theoretical tradition hypothesis code of ethics values Which of the following illustrates a researcher obtaining informed consent? A researcher helps a research subject understand the risks and benefits of participating in a study before enrolling the subject. A researcher informs a subject about the values that led to the creation of the study. A researcher asks a subject to agree not to tell anyone about the details of the study. A researcher promises not to reveal the name of a subject. A researcher helps a research subject understand the risks and benefits of participating in a study before enrolling the subject. Sociologists often use conceptual frameworks, which are inherited from other scholars. These conceptual frameworks are also called __________. guidebooks social norms research methodology theoretical traditions theoretical traditions Which of the following scenarios depicts a researcher breaking an ethical code? A researcher is clear and honest about all policies and procedures used in an experiment. A researcher has studied the topic substantially and is being guided by a more experienced researcher. A researcher publishes the full names of study participants on her website. A researcher develops a hypothesis before the study has even begun. A researcher publishes the full names of study participants on her website. Jennifer is studying the effects of nutrition on student performance in school. She researches a group of students and finds that students who miss breakfast often do poorly during the school day. What is the dependent variable in this scenario? how students' gender predicts whether they have breakfast eating breakfast level of nutrition student performance student performance The statistical analysis of data is called __________. conforming to a code of ethics creating a research memo qualitative research quantitative research quantitative research A(n) __________ is a standardized set of questions asked to a large group of randomly chosen people. experiment epistemological study survey quantitative study survey Which of the following best describes the difference between how sociologists and historians study history? Sociologists are usually experts on a given time period or place, while historians examine variations in time and place to make sense of larger patterns. Historians only study the history of the Americas and Western Europe, while sociologists routinely study societies all over the world. Historians are usually experts on a given time period or place, while sociologists examine variations in time and place to make sense of larger patterns. Historians typically examine variations in time and place to make sense of larger patterns, while sociologists only study the history of physical artifacts. Historians are usually experts on a given time period or place, while sociologists examine variations in time and place to make sense of larger patterns. Which of the following methods is best suited for learning about the thought processes of people who chose to get divorced within the past year? polls in-depth interviews comparative-historical method social experiments in-depth interviews Which of the following correctly defines the term "sampling"? a technique for choosing an appropriate research topic a process of determining which data to include in published figures a method of trial and error aimed at choosing the appropriate method a process of identifying which subjects to include in a study a process of identifying which subjects to include in a study What is the difference between reliability and validity? Reliability describes when a researcher follows the code of ethics, whereas validity means that the results can be used to improve society. Reliability describes when results measure what they were intended to measure, whereas validity is when an experiment repeatedly produces similar results. Reliability describes when a researcher uses the scientific method appropriately, whereas validity is when the research results confirm the researcher's hypothesis. Reliability describes when a measurement technique repeatedly produces similar results, whereas validity describes whether a measurement technique actually measures what the researcher thinks it measures. Reliability describes when a measurement technique repeatedly produces similar results, whereas validity describes whether a measurement technique actually measures what the researcher thinks it measures. Angela observes that children from poor families tend to have higher rates of lead poisoning, but she doesn't know if being poor makes people more likely to be exposed to lead, or if people who already have high levels of lead in their bodies are more likely to become poor. Which of the following characterizes what Angela knows about the relationship between poverty and lead poisoning? As poverty is a social condition and lead is a physical element, the relationship between the two cannot be statistically significant. There is a correlation between poverty and lead poisoning. Any claim that there is a relationship between lead poisoning and poverty is wrong. There is a causal relationship between lead poisoning and poverty. There is a correlation between poverty and lead poisoning. Your professor took a sample of a population and collected data from the subjects in that sample over a period of years. What kind of data is this called? cross-sectional data experimental data ethnographic data longitudinal data longitudinal data Michael is going to conduct a study about living in a college dorm. He begins choosing only students in every third dorm room to interview. Which of the following describes this step of "choosing" in the research process? developing a nonrandom sample naming the dependent variable developing a random sample gaining informed consent developing a random sample When researchers organize the data according to key categories and concepts, they are __________. data coding operationalizing their work developing a hypothesis checking for spurious relationships data coding What is the difference between empirical generalizability and theoretical generalizability? Empirical generalizability means research results can be applied to larger sociological processes, whereas theoretical generalizability means research results can be applied to a larger population. Empirical generalizability means research results support causal relationships, whereas theoretical generalizability means research results support social theories. Empirical generalizability means research results can be applied to a larger population, whereas theoretical generalizability means research results can be applied to larger sociological processes. Empirical generalizability means the data have been analyzed, whereas theoretical generalizability means the data have been coded but not analyzed. Empirical generalizability means research results can be applied to a larger population, whereas theoretical generalizability means research results can be applied to larger sociological processes. Which of the following terms refers to original data that a sociologist independently collects? secondary-source data display data primary-source data cursory data primary-source data Emilio is reviewing the data he collected from historical records about immigration in the United States. He decides to create a series of tables and flow charts in order to visually summarize patterns in the data. Based on this description, you can tell that Emilio is creating __________. data codes an in-depth interview schedule data displays a spurious relationship data displays Tamara analyzes data from 300 randomly selected schoolchildren throughout the state of Wisconsin and finds that children from wealthy families are more likely to receive extra help from teachers than children from poor families. When asked by a reporter, Tamara claims her findings actually describe the entire population of schoolchildren in Wisconsin. This is an example of __________. a causal inference a generalization validity hypothesizing a generalization Which of the following statements best highlights the key differences between qualitative and quantitative research? Qualitative research projects are those that have been approved by the institutional review board, while quantitative research projects are those in which the approval is still pending. Qualitative research is usually done on research about gender inequality, whereas quantitative research is usually done on research involving racial inequality. Qualitative research relies on words, direct observations, historical records, and pictures, whereas quantitative research relies on data that are more easily subjected to statistical analyses. Quantitative research is inherently interdisciplinary, unlike qualitative research. Qualitative research relies on words, direct observations, historical records, and pictures, whereas quantitative research relies on data that are more easily subjected to statistical analyses. A conclusion about how one factor is producing a change in another factor is known as a(n) __________. causal inference anomaly cross-sectional approach historical-statistical study causal inference What is the name of the organization that evaluates research proposals based on whether the research will potentially harm research subjects? American Sociological Association (ASA) informed consent board (ICB) National Science Foundation institutional review board (IRB) institutional review board (IRB) Sebastian completes an experiment and records the results. Anna completes the same experiment, following the same steps as Sebastian, but gets different results. This means that the experiment is __________. not valid spurious not theoretically motivated not reliable not reliable A sociologist has met with gang members and asked them to tell her what it is like to belong to a gang; however, she suspects that for various reasons these informants are leaving out details of their experiences. Which of the following methods would be most useful for learning about the behaviors and experiences of gang members? a survey in-depth interviews comparative-historical research ethnography ethnography Chip is examining data regarding the age at which people got married. He notices that in a number of cases people were reported as being over 200 years old, so he begins fixing these obvious errors. Which of the following describes what Chip is doing? data cleaning generalization empirical generalizability data display data cleaning A researcher claims he wants to study why England's infant mortality rate has been lower than the United States' infant mortality rate. What type of research is this? ethnography thick description extended case method cross-national comparison cross-national comparison Yumiko just filled out a form that asked her to provide information about her diet. The first question asked, "How many days per week do you consume meat? a) 1; b) 2; c) 3; or d) more than 3." Which of the following terms describes this type of question? open-ended survey question closed-ended survey question data coded question in-depth interview question closed-ended survey question __________ is the term used to describe when two factors or two social phenomena "co-vary" with each other. Weighted relationship Correlation Passive correspondence Codependent relationship Correlation Valerie follows a group of spoken word poets around for a year in an effort to understand the inner workings of their group. Although Valerie did not randomly select the people she studies, she draws on her research findings to formulate a broader theory of human behavior. This is called __________. cleaning the data making a theoretical generalization making an empirical generalization conducting data analysis making a theoretical generalization A researcher states that she thinks that the less sleep students get on the night before an exam, the poorer they will perform on the exam. What is this statement an example of? thick description theoretical tradition data analysis a hypothesis a hypothesis Which of the following questions should sociologists ask themselves to determine the merit and feasibility of their research questions? Will a team of researchers be needed to conduct the study? Does the question connect to existing social scientific literature or studies? Can the data resulting from the question be portrayed in data displays? Can the question be generalized to all other social theories? Does the question connect to existing social scientific literature or studies? Which of the following statements is the best example of a researcher making a causal inference? A researcher concludes that 20 of the 35 people in her sample are suffering from depression. A researcher concludes that the health of unborn babies was negatively impacted by the high levels of stress their mothers experienced during pregnancy. A researcher concludes that the health of unborn babies co-varies with the amount of stress their mothers received during pregnancy. A researcher concludes that 85 percent of all CEOs in the United States have annual incomes of over $200,000. A researcher concludes that the health of unborn babies was negatively impacted by the high levels of stress their mothers experienced during pregnancy. After a sociologist created a line graph showing the cost of prescription medication over time, she noticed that the elderly are paying more than ever before. In this example, the sociologist created a __________. research memo research note data display data code data display A sociologist plans to study how the clothing Americans wear has become less and less formal over time. To get a sense of how clothing choices have changed over time, the sociologist examines thousands of historical photographs and carefully takes notes about where the photo was taken, when it was taken, and what the people in the photo were wearing. This study is an example of __________. qualitative research empirical generalizations probability sampling ethnography qualitative research Which of the following is the best definition of the self? personality traits you are born with a term that designates the mathematical center of a social network an identity developed through social interaction a type of consciousness that is fully formed at birth an identity developed through social interaction Which of the following terms refers to the idea that how we understand ourselves depends on how others view us? looking-glass self reference groups role conflict the quantified self looking-glass self Which of the following best defines the term "generalized other"? modeling one's behavior on the actions of particular individuals in a group social control exercised by commonsense understandings of what is appropriate in a specific time and place individuals who are incorporated into a group through conversational precision the process of excluding people from a group or organization social control exercised by commonsense understandings of what is appropriate in a specific time and place Ron decides to go to the same college as his best friend Ken. Which of the following terms best describes Ken's position for Ron? deviant significant other projected self generalized other significant other In what sense are individuals unique despite the fact that they may share common identities based on gender, race, and class? Every person is born into a one-of-a-kind institution that endows him or her with a unique identity. People are socially similar, but pretend to be unique. People are socially identical, but their genetic distinctiveness makes them appear unique. People experience a unique array of social interactions that shape their identities. People experience a unique array of social interactions that shape their identities. The sociological subfield that refers to the study of the methods people use during everyday interactions is known as __________. social work ethnomethodology epistemology generalized other ethnomethodology Which of the following observations comes from analyzing people's methods during conversations? Conversations are surprisingly democratic. People with more status and power rarely interrupt those with less. People always deny requests by saying "no" just as quickly as they accept requests by saying "yes." Hand gestures have multiple meanings, but words such as "love" and "kill" have fixed meanings. People who have more power and status often interrupt those who have less. People who have more power and status often interrupt those who have less. Which of the following have sociologists observed about laughter? Laughter is an emotional performance. Laughter appears to be a random outburst, but in fact people are careful to take turns when laughing together. There are no conventions regarding when it is appropriate to laugh. Unlike the expression of other emotions, laughter is always a random outburst. Laughter is an emotional performance. Which of the following is an example of what Erving Goffman described as the "presentation of self"? People often calculate the amount of time it takes to complete tasks in order to manage their schedules. People experience punishment when they are caught breaking the law. People receive information about themselves when interacting with others. People attend to the details of their social media profiles. People attend to the details of their social media profiles. Which of the following is the best definition of civil inattention? the act of ignoring other people to an appropriate degree even when you notice they are nearby the conflict one feels in regard to conflicting public and private roles the growing number of people in a democratic society who choose not to vote the tendency to engage with people who are most similar to ourselves the act of ignoring other people to an appropriate degree even when you notice they are nearby A __________ is a distinct social category, such as a parent or a teacher, and it has associated with it a set of expected behaviors. role status significant other generalized other role When meeting the expectations of one role precludes a person's ability to meet the expectations of another role, the person is experiencing __________. role set role conflict civil inattention generalized other role conflict From a very young age, a child is told by his parents that he is good at sports. As he gets older, he tries out for many different sporting teams, spends time practicing, and eventually becomes an excellent athlete. This scenario illustrates __________. the effects of role conflict on an individual the concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy the impact of conversational inequality interactional repair the concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy According to the chapter, why do people sometimes follow informal rules, even when they contradict formal rules? People only follow informal rules when attempting to be deviant. People from high status groups follow informal rules, while people from low status groups follow formal rules. People interpret situations and apply informal rules so that the social world runs more smoothly. People only apply informal rules when they do not understand formal rules. People interpret situations and apply informal rules so that the social world runs more smoothly. Which social psychologist conducted a famous conformity experiment in 1963 in which people believed they were being asked to administer painful electric shocks to others? Emile Durkheim Robert Merton Stanley Milgram Erving Goffman Stanley Milgram Conversational precision refers to __________. the inability to improvise while conversing with others the often subtle physical and verbal cues people deploy to converse successfully with others how one's self-understanding depends on the signals received while conversing with others the process by which someone comes to fulfill the expectations that another person places on him or her during a single conversation earlier in life the often subtle physical and verbal cues people deploy to converse successfully with others All individuals associate themselves with __________, or groups of people who share similar preferences or social positions. reference groups gesture groups clans social facts reference groups Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between changing roles and role expectations? Taking on new roles sometimes matters and sometimes doesn't. Changes in roles confer different challenges and opportunities for individuals. Role changes never result in role conflicts. Role changes have little effect on the behavior of well-rounded individuals, as long as they have strong social networks. Changes in roles confer different challenges and opportunities for individuals. According to labeling theory, how do people become deviant? Informal syndicates mentor people in crime and teach them how to engage in deviant behavior. A person or institution may label a person or group as good, but the stress of the "good" label leads individuals to embrace deviant behavior. A person or institution labels a person or group deviant, and that label may influence future behavior. Due to a cognitive deficiency, some individuals are unable to identify which behaviors society has deemed as deviant, and they engage in those behaviors accidentally. A person or institution labels a person or group deviant, and that label may influence future behavior. Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between formal and informal rules? Informal rules are universal, whereas formal rules are always applied to specific situations. Informal rules dictate our behavior in legal situations and formal rules in casual situations. Formal rules are only used in cases of conversational precision, whereas informal rules exist in various social settings. Informal rules fill the spaces between formal rules by allowing for exceptions in social behavior that are generally acceptable. Informal rules fill the spaces between formal rules by allowing for exceptions in social behavior that are generally acceptable. Tannistha stood up to a classmate who was bullying another classmate. In the language of the sociology of interaction, which of the following describes what Tannistha did? Tannistha created a "collective effervescence." Tannistha engaged in a "status swap." Tannistha instigated a "significant gesture." Tannistha "took the role of the other." Tannistha "took the role of the other." People use the word "love" to express their preferences for flavors of ice cream as well as their feelings toward their children, but it is safe to say that the word means something different in each of these situations. This is an example of the way __________ give(s) meaning to words and situations. the looking-glass self significant others generalized others context context People sometimes signal with a long pause that they do not want to engage in a conversation. What is the name for this type of signal? looking-glass gesture role conflict disaffiliative gesture conversational repair disaffiliative gesture Which of the following is the best example of the generalized other? Many different strangers sign the same online petition. A group of people make a bold decision to gather and hold a protest. Kerry knows she will be expected to wear black when attending a funeral. Friends decide to run together on a regular basis. Kerry knows she will be expected to wear black when attending a funeral. Which of the following describes individuals who have a powerful impact on how we behave because they are so close? judgmental dopes significant other generalized other deviants significant other What is one of the conclusions ethnographer Christena Nippert-Eng made about the items found in people's wallets and purses? People carefully consider what aspects of their identities they want to reveal and under what circumstances they want to reveal them. People have relatively static identities that resist change over time. Americans spend 30 percent more time shopping than their European counterparts. Wallets, purses, and other accessories inhibit people from expressing their true self. People carefully consider what aspects of their identities they want to reveal and under what circumstances they want to reveal them. Which of the following have ethnomethodologists observed about emotion? People only control emotions during social interaction in parts of east Africa and along the Satpura Range in India. Dancing at funerals is a universal taboo among human societies. People often exercise control over their emotions, and the way they express emotion differs from society to society. People exercise control over their emotional expressions with the exception of laughter, which is the one expression beyond human control. People often exercise control over their emotions, and the way they express emotion differs from society to society. What does the chapter author observe about emoticons? People use emoticons and other signs to avoid confusion. People who use emoticons are known as deviants. People use emoticons to express civil inattention. People use emoticons because digital communication is destroying human creativity. People use emoticons and other signs to avoid confusion. One worker at a local grocery store chain is unhappy with the company's sick leave policy. The worker wants to start a petition to present to upper management. According to what sociologists know about social conformity, which of the following situations would most likely result in the worker actually starting the petition? The worker calls the store manager to ask permission first. The worker loses their job because they called out sick. The worker has at least one other ally to support the petition. The worker is not supported by coworkers. The worker has at least one other ally to support the petition. Jace is known among his friends as a loud-mouthed practical joker, but his family sees him as a quiet, responsible young man. What will likely happen if Jace invites his friends over to meet his family? Jace will likely experience role conflict. Jace's family will become a generalized other. Jace will likely experience civil inattention. Jace will likely become a significant other for his friends. Jace will likely experience role conflict. Why is the sociological imagination is important for understanding society?In summary, sociological imagination is an ability to see the context which shapes your individual decision making, as well as the decisions made by others. But the reason why it's useful is because it allows us to better identify and question various aspects of society, as opposed to passively living within it. Why is the sociological imagination important for understanding society quizlet?Why is a sociological imagination important for understanding society? Only when we develop this ability can we start to see how larger issues in society relate to personal problems. What is the sociological imagination quizlet?sociological imagination. an awareness of the relationship between who we are as individuals and the social forces that shape our lives. private troubles. obstacles that individuals face as individuals rather than as a consequence of the social position. public issues. What does the sociological imagination help us understand quizlet?C. Wright Mills defined the sociological imagination as the ability to see the impact of social forces on individuals' public and private lives. He believed we need to overcome our limited perspective to understand the larger meaning of our experiences. Why is the sociological imagination is important for understanding society?In summary, sociological imagination is an ability to see the context which shapes your individual decision making, as well as the decisions made by others. But the reason why it's useful is because it allows us to better identify and question various aspects of society, as opposed to passively living within it.
Which of the following best describes the sociological imagination?The sociological imagination is a concept used by the American sociologist C. Wright Mills to describe the ability to "think yourself away from the familiar routines of everyday life" and look at them from an entirely new perspective.
What is the sociological imagination Why is it important to our understanding of society quizlet?What is the sociological imagination? Why is it important to our understanding of society? Sociological imagination is making connections between personal challenges and larger problems. It is important because it's critical for an individual person and societies at large to understand.
What does the sociological imagination help us understand quizlet?Wright Mills defined the sociological imagination as the ability to see the impact of social forces on individuals' public and private lives. He believed we need to overcome our limited perspective to understand the larger meaning of our experiences.
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Which of the following statements best describes why a sociological imagination is important for understanding?
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