IntroductionThis document describes common problems with how Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) neighbors become fully adjacent. Show
BackgroundIn a successful formation of OSPF adjacency, OSPF neighbors attain the FULL neighbor state. To examine the formation of adjacency, enter the PrerequisitesRequirementsThis document requires a basic knowledge of IP routing protocols and also the OSPF routing protocol. To learn more about IP routing protocols, refer to How to Configure Basic IP Routing. And refer to the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Support Page for more information about OSPF. Components UsedThe information in this document is based on the software and hardware versions listed:
The information in this document was created from the devices in a specific lab environment. All of the devices used in this document started with a cleared (default) configuration. If your network is live, ensure that you understand the potential impact of any command. ConventionsRefer to Cisco Technical Tips Conventions for more information on document conventions. AdjacenciesThe fact that routers are neighbors is not sufficient to guarantee an exchange of link-state updates; they must form adjacencies to exchange link-state updates. Adjacency is an advanced form of neighborship formed by routers that exchange routing information after parameters for such an exchange are negotiated. Routers reach a FULL state of adjacency when they have synchronized views on a link-state database. The interface type plays a major role in how the adjacencies are formed. For example, neighbors on point-to-point links always try to become adjacent, while routers attached to broadcast media, such as Ethernet, can become adjacent only with a subset of neighbor routers on the interface. Once a router forms an adjacency with a neighbor, it begins with an exchange of a full copy of its link-state database. The neighbor, in turn, exchanges a full copy of its link-state database with the router. After several neighbor states are passed, the routers become fully adjacent. Neighbor StatesUse the show ip ospf neighbor command to determine the state of the OSPF neighbor or neighbors. The output of this command reveals one of these:
There are other OSPF states, but those shown here are the most common ones seen in show ip ospf neighbor command output. Refer to OSPF Neighbor States for more information and an explanation of all the OSPF neighbor states. No State RevealedIf the Check these:
Note: OSPF adjacencies only form over primary networks, not secondary networks. If all of these checks are verified and the Neighbor in Down StateA neighbor that is discovered dynamically through reception of HELLO packets can fall back to a down state if it is deleted by OSPF process. For example, when OSPF does not receive HELLO packets from the neighbor for a period of time longer than the Dead timer interval, the down state is transient for such neighbors; they either advance to higher states or become deleted from the table of known neighbors. This is known as "forgotten". Usually, neighbors seen in the down state were manually configured with the Note: The - Non-Broadcast MultiAccess (NBMA) networks - Interfaces configured with the If a neighbor is in the down state, verify that the neighbor router is up, is active, and is properly configured for OSPF on this interface. Test connectivity between routers with the Neighbor in Init StateThe init state indicates that a router receives HELLO packets from the neighbor, but two-way communication has not been established. A Cisco router includes the Router IDs of all neighbors in the init (or higher) state in the Neighbor field of its HELLO packets. For two-way communication to be established with a neighbor, a router also must receive its own Router ID in the Neighbor field of the neighbor HELLO packets. For a more detailed example and explanation, refer to Why Does the show ip ospf neighbor Command Reveal Neighbors in the Init State? Neighbor in 2-way StateThe 2-way state indicates that the router has received its own Router ID in the Neighbor field of the neighbor HELLO packet. Receipt of a Database Descriptor (DBD) packet from a neighbor in the init state also causes a transition to the 2-way state. The OSPF neighbor 2-way state is not a cause for concern in Broadcast and Non-Broadcast MultiAccess (NBMA) networks. For an explanation of the 2-way state, refer to Why Does the show ip ospf neighbor Command Reveal Neighbors Stuck in 2-Way State? Neighbor in Exstart or Exchange StateOSPF neighbors in the exstart or exchange state attempt to exchange DBD packets. The router and its neighbor form a primary and secondary relationship. The adjacency must continue past this state. If it does not, there is a problem with the DBD exchange, such as a maximum transmission unit (MTU) mismatch or the receipt of an unexpected DBD sequence number. For more information, refer to Why Are OSPF Neighbors Stuck in Exstart/Exchange State? Neighbor in Loading StateIn the loading state, routers send link-state request packets. While adjacent, if a router receives an outdated or missed link-state advertisement (LSA), it sends a link-state request packet to request the LSA. Neighbors that do not transition beyond this state likely exchange corrupted LSAs. This problem is usually accompanied by a %OSPF-4-BADLSA console message. Because this problem is not common, Contact Cisco for assistance. Typical Reasons for OSPF Neighbor ProblemsThis table lists reasons why OSPF neighbors have problems when they try to form an adjacency and lists some commands you can use to verify the problem.
Note: To aviod the MTU check at OSPF adjacency establishment, you can configure the Related Information
Which OSPF data structure is identical on all OSPF?The link-state database lists information about all other routers within an area and is identical across all OSPF routers participating in that area.
What is identical on all OSPF routers within a single area?All routers within an OSPF area must have identical and synchronized link-state information in their OSPF link-state databases.
Which will be the same for all routers in an OSPF area that has converged?When converged, all routers in an area have identical topology tables. The topology table contains feasible successor routes. The table can be viewed via the show ip ospf database command. It is a link-state database that represents the network topology.
When an OSPF network is converged?OSPF convergence takes place in the following ways 1-Router Identities are first found out , it happens in the following ways a)The highest IP address on the router's active loopback interfaces is used b)If no loopback interface is present the highest IP address on its active interfaces is used when the router boots up ...
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