Why did railroad companies and other businesses form pools during the American Gilded Age quizlet?

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All of the following factors contributed to explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age EXCEPT:

a. availability of capital for investment.

b. a growing supply of labor.

c. abundant natural resources.

d. low tariffs.

e. federal land grants to railroads.

D

2. By 1890, the majority of Americans:

a. worked as farmers.

b. worked as independent craftsmen.

c. worked in the mining industry.

d. were moving into the middle class.

e. worked for wages.

E

3. The second industrial revolution was marked by:

a. a return to handmade goods.

b. a more equalized distribution of wealth.

c. the rapid expansion of industry across the South.

d. the acceleration of factory production and increased activity in the mining and railroad industries.

e. a decline in the growth of cities.

D

How did the expansion of railroads accelerate the second industrial revolution in America?

a. The division of time into four zones allowed businesses to communicate by telegraph for the first time.

b. Railroads created a true national market for U.S. goods.

c. Large banks were now able to locate in western railroad towns.

d. The adoption of a standard railroad gauge made private and federal land grants more available.

e. The expansion of trains increased the efficiency of small businesses.

B

5. Why did new products like Ivory Soap and Quaker Oats symbolize the continuing integration of the economy in America's Gilded Age?

a. They were consumer products manufactured with new technologies.

b. These products catered particularly to the appetites and desires of new immigrants.

c. These products were exemplary for the way in which mass consumption raised everyone's living standards.

d. These products were national brands, sold everywhere across the United States thanks to the expanding railroad network.

e. These products were examples of how Gilded Age technologies helped develop the sustainable use of materials.

D

Thomas Edison:

a. invented the typewriter.

b. was a governor of New Jersey.

c. pioneered the use of the telephone.

d. was a railroad owner.

e. invented, among other things, a system for generating and distributing electricity.

E

7. Why did railroad companies and other businesses form "pools" during the American Gilded Age?

a. They wanted to cut each other out from the market.

b. They hoped to escape the chaos of market forces by fixing prices with their competitors.

c. They hoped to gather enough capital in a pool in order to buy out their largest and most dangerous competitor.

d. They wanted to share their assets in order to maintain liquidity in times of financial panic.

e. They were sharing patents for new technologies in the railroad industry.

B

One significant economic impact of the second industrial revolution was:

a. a more stable economy.

b. frequent and prolonged economic depressions.

c. higher prices.

d. a more equitable distribution of wealth.

e. the introduction of socialism.

B

Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller:

a. faced no criticism for their business practices.

b. led the way in social reform.

c. advocated government regulation of business.

d. built up giant corporations that dominated their respective markets.

e. were both immigrants.

D

What criticism did Henry Demarest Lloyd leverage against Rockefeller's Standard Oil in Wealth against Commonwealth (1892)?

a. Rockefeller's oil corporation was excessively competitive.

b. Standard Oil was overcharging end-consumers of their products.

c. Standard Oil was employing more foreigners than Americans.
d. Rockefeller's corporation was violating regulations at the New York stock market.

e. Standard Oil was undermining fair competition in the marketplace.

E

How were skilled workers able to secure new freedoms for themselves in rapidly expanding industries?

a. Their knowledge allowed them to control the production process and the training of apprentices.

b. They had the ability to advance to managerial positions and from there into the executive boardrooms of big industry.

c. They were able to market their skills by training young apprentices in exchange for high fees.

d. The ownership and control over their shops and tools made their trades unattractive for industrial competition.

e. Skilled workers tended to be more radical and used strikes and violent uprisings to secure better wages.

A

An example of what the economist and social historian Thorstein Veblen meant by "conspicuous consumption" is:

a. Mrs. Bradley Martin's costume ball.

b. an immigrant's purchase of bread.

c. the free services handed out by social reformers.

d. John D. Rockefeller's purchase of a competing company.

e. the social welfare services of European nations like Germany.

A

13. In How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis:

a. highlighted the benefits of the second industrial revolution.

b. discussed the lives of wealthy Americans.

c. focused on the wretched conditions of New York City slums.

d. provided a fictional account of life in 1890.
e. wrote about captains of industry.

C

What did Native Americans have in common with the Zulu of South Africa and the aboriginal people in Australia?

a. They belonged to some of the most ancient agricultural civilizations in the world.

b. They all looked to central governments for protection and assistance in their struggle against white supremacist settlers.

c. They found themselves pushed aside by centralizing government trying to control large interior regions.

d. They all saw themselves pulled into the vicious debt cycle that accompanied cotton sharecropping.

e. Both groups saw such little chance at advancing in civil rights that they resorted to emigration

C

15. Why did western territories take longer than eastern territories to achieve statehood?

a. Many easterners were wary of granting statehood until white and non-Mormon settlers counterbalanced the large Latino and Mormon populations.

b. Local leaders were hostile to federal involvement in territorial affairs and resisted calls for statehood.

c. Long-term warfare with native peoples made the establishment of stable communities difficult for white settlers.

d. The Mormon and Latino populations in these areas did not grow rapidly enough to reach the requisite numbers for statehood.

e. Settlers experienced more difficulty than easterners had moving native peoples off the territory.

A

16. The impact of the second industrial revolution on the trans-Mississippi West was:

a. dramatic as an agricultural empire grew.

b. insignificant.

c. concentrated in the cities.

d. beneficial to Indians.
e. significant only for native-born whites.

A

17. Bonanza farms:

a. were small, self-sufficient farms.

b. were the sharecropping farms found in the South.

c. typically had thousands of acres of land or more.

d. were free homesteads in California.

e. were settled along the railroad lines of the Union Pacific.

C

How did expanding agricultural production in places like Argentina and the American West lead to the migration of rural populations to cities?

a. Increasing output in the countryside created a new prosperity that allowed rural populations to travel.

b. Since the growing agricultural output attracted ever-larger numbers of immigrants to the countryside, the older generations of rural settlers left for the cities.

c. Increasing output worldwide pushed down the prices of farm products, making it more difficult for farmers to make ends meet.

d. New production methods that were at the heart of growing farm productivity alienated many rural folks familiar with traditional farming practices.

e. Peasants made such tidy profits in agriculture that they could afford to move to cities.

C

19. Why was the Hollywood version of the western "cowboy" based more on fantasy than reality?

a. Railroad expansion before the Civil War had eliminated the need for "cattle drives" from Texas.

b. Most cowboys were low-paid workers, some of whom even went on strike for higher wages.

c. By the time of the Civil War, most open-range longhorns had been decimated by disease and harsh winters.

d. Clothing such as wide-brimmed hats and boots were twentieth-century inventions of writers and movie producers.

e. Many worked as cowboys for a short time before moving on to other employment.

B

20. Which of the following does NOT describe the impact of corporations on the American West?

a. Scientific mining techniques introduced by corporate engineers displaced independent prospectors.

b. Lumber companies decimated coastal forests, inspiring the twentieth-century conservation movement.

c. Urban populations in California declined as people moved to the centers of agricultural production.

d. Communal landholdings in New Mexico were taken over by commercial farmers and ranchers.

e. The necessary investments were beyond the means of the average farmer.

C

21. Why did President James Buchanan replace Utah's territorial governor Brigham Young with a non-Mormon appointee in 1857?

a. Brigham Young had advocated for slavery in the trans-Mississippi West.

b. Mormons had slaughtered more than 100 settlers in the Mountain Meadows massacre.

c. Brigham Young was a known polygamist.

d. It became known that the work of federal judges in Utah was being obstructed.

e. Under Young, Utah had granted Native Americans equal citizenship.

D

Chinese immigrants to the West:

a. were exclusively single men, particularly after the Civil War.

b. concentrated primarily in the Pacific Northwest, where lumber and fishing jobs were plentiful.

c. grew to several million in number by the 1890s, due to the absence of federal immigration quotas.

d. worked in shoe and cigar factories in western cities.

e. were exclusively women working as domestics.

D

23. Which of the following statements about nineteenth-century Chinese immigrants to the United States is accurate?

a. Unlike Europeans, Chinese immigrants were too poor to send letters or money home to relatives.

b. After the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869, most Chinese immigrants were unable to find additional work and returned to China.

c. Chinese immigrants rarely worked in western mines after the Civil War, thanks to Anglo resentment and the lack of demand for cheap labor.

d. By 1880, three-fourths of Chinese immigrants lived in California, where many worked on farms.

e. Most women migrated east via the transcontinental railroad to work as domestics.

D

24. The Plains Indians:

a. were completely responsible for the near extinction of the buffalo.

b. had lived in peace until the Civil War.

c. encouraged the influx of white settlers.

d. included the Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Kiowa, and Sioux.

e. were treated fairly by the federal government.

D

25. Chief Joseph:

a. advocated greater federal control of Indians.

b. starred in a Wild West show.

c. was at the Little Bighorn.

d. supported the reservation system.

e. wanted freedom for his people, the Nez Percé.

E

26. The Indian victory at the Little Bighorn:

a. was typical at the time.

b. only temporarily delayed the advance of white settlement.

c. brought an end to the hostilities.

d. came after an unprovoked attack by Indians.
e. resulted in no U.S. army casualties.

B

27. What was the aim of Carlisle, a boarding school for Indians?

a. To prepare them for reservation life.

b. To train them in the professional skills necessary to return to the reservations as doctors and teachers.

c. To convert them to Christianity so that they would become missionaries on the reservations.

d. To civilize the Indians, making them "American," as whites defined the term.

e. To prepare them to enlist in the U.S. military.

D

28. According to the authors of the Dawes Severalty Act, what constituted a civilized life for Native Americans in the later nineteenth century?

a. Skilled work and tenement life in industrial cities.

b. A hunting and gathering economy and nomadic lifestyle.

c. Individual property ownership and farming on family plots.

d. Tribal life and autonomy on the nation's reservations.

e. Employment in the tourism industry and public land management.

C

29. The Ghost Dance:

a. was a religious revitalization campaign among Indians, feared by whites.

b. was seen as harmless.

c. was approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

d. brought Indians and whites together in a cultural celebration.

e. ushered in a new era of Indian wars.

A

How did the displacement of native peoples in Australia differ from the experience of Indians in the American West?

a. Aboriginals were gathered together into centralized areas set aside by the government.

b. White diseases decimated Aboriginals.

c. Government policy orchestrated the removal of Aboriginal children from their homes for official adoption by whites.

d. Aboriginals were subject to cultural reconstruction.

e. Aboriginals were well compensated for their land.

C

31. William Cody:

a. invented a form of public entertainment called vaudeville.

b. created a "Wild West" show that toured the United States and Europe.

c. was defeated at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

d. never traveled west of the Mississippi River.

e. was a colonel in the U.S. army.

B

Which of the following was included in theatrical and dime novel depictions of the American West?

a. The role of the federal government in the region's development.

b. Labor conflicts in western mines.

c. The growth of cities in the Pacific Northwest.

d. Amazing feats of skilled horseback riding, roping, and shooting.

e. The demise of cattle drives.

D

33. Nineteenth-century Americans imagined the "Wild West" as all of the following EXCEPT:

a. a distant, timeless place, uncorrupted by civilization.

b. isolated farms, where men and women carved out difficult lives on the Great Plains.

c. a violent frontier recounted through dime novels and prolific newspaper stories.

d. a spectacle of adventure as portrayed by vaudeville shows featuring famous battle reenactments and real Indian warriors.
e. an uncivilized space that ended at the Rocky mountains.

B

34. The term "Gilded Age" describes all of the following EXCEPT:

a. a period of corruption and corporate domination of politics.

b. the years between 1870 and 1890.

c. the title of an 1873 novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley.

d. an era where the scramble for wealth benefited all Americans equally.

e. the remarkable economic expansion of the time period.

D

35. Why was William Tweed so popular with the city's immigrant poor?

a. He was willing to speak truth to power.

b. He fought hard for more liberal immigration laws.

c. He had provided food, fuel, and patronage to them in exchange for their votes.

d. He uncovered much of the corruption in the city of New York and introduced crucial political reforms.

e. He himself was a recent immigrant with roots in German proto-socialist movements.

C

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How were skilled workers able to secure new freedoms for themselves in rapidly expanding industries quizlet?